Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cocaine dependence does not contribute substantially to white matter abnormalities in HIV infection

  • Published:
Journal of NeuroVirology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This study investigated the association of HIV infection and cocaine dependence with cerebral white matter integrity using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). One hundred thirty-five participants stratified by HIV and cocaine status (26 HIV+/COC+, 37 HIV+/COC−, 37 HIV−/COC+, and 35 HIV−/COC−) completed a comprehensive substance abuse assessment, neuropsychological testing, and MRI with DTI. Among HIV+ participants, all were receiving HIV care and 46% had an AIDS diagnosis. All COC+ participants were current users and met criteria for cocaine use disorder. We used tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) to assess the relation of HIV and cocaine to fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD). In whole-brain analyses, HIV+ participants had significantly reduced FA and increased MD compared to HIV− participants. The relation of HIV and FA was widespread throughout the brain, whereas the HIV-related MD effects were restricted to the corpus callosum and thalamus. There were no significant cocaine or HIV-by-cocaine effects. These DTI metrics correlated significantly with duration of HIV disease, nadir CD4+ cell count, and AIDS diagnosis, as well as some measures of neuropsychological functioning. These results suggest that HIV is related to white matter integrity throughout the brain, and that HIV-related effects are more pronounced with increasing duration of infection and greater immune compromise. We found no evidence for independent effects of cocaine dependence on white matter integrity, and cocaine dependence did not appear to exacerbate the effects of HIV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, Brew BJ, Byrd DA, Cherner M, Clifford DB, Cinque P, Epstein LG, Goodkin K, Gisslen M, Grant I, Heaton RK, Joseph J, Marder K, Marra CM, McArthur JC, Nunn M, Price RW, Pulliam L, Robertson KR, Sacktor N, Valcour V, Wojna VE (2007) Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology 69:1789–1799

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baum MK, Rafie C, Lai S, Sales S, Page B, Campa A (2009) Crack-cocaine use accelerates HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-positive drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 50:93–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benton A, Hamsher K, Sivan A (1983) Multilingual aphasia examination, 3rd edn. Iowa City, IA, AJA Associates

    Google Scholar 

  • Bing EG, Burnam MA, Longshore D, Fleishman JA, Sherbourne CD, London AS, Turner BJ, Eggan F, Beckman R, Vitiello B, Morton SC, Orlando M, Bozzette SA, Ortiz-Barron L, Shapiro M (2001) Psychiatric disorders and drug use among human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:721–728

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch B, Arenaza-Urquijo EM, Rami L, Sala-Llonch R, Junqué C, Solé-Padullés C, Peña-Gómez C, Bargalló N, Molinuevo JL, Bartrés-Faz D (2012) Multiple DTI index analysis in normal aging, amnestic MCI and AD. Relationship with neuropsychological performance. Neurobiol Aging 33:61–74

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandt J, Benedict RHB (2001) Hopkins verbal learning test—revised professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, Lutz, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang L, Wong V, Nakama H, Watters M, Ramones D, Miller EN, Cloak C, Ernst T (2008) Greater than age-related changes in brain diffusion of HIV patients after 1 year. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol 3:265–274

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chanraud S, Zahr N, Sullivan E, Pfefferbaum A (2010) MR diffusion tensor imaging: a window into white matter integrity of the working brain. Neuropsychol Rev 20:209–225

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, An H, Zhu H, Stone T, Smith JK, Hall C, Bullitt E, Shen D, Lin W (2009) White matter abnormalities revealed by diffusion tensor imaging in non-demented and demented HIV+ patients. NeuroImage 47:1154–1162

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen RA, Harezlak J, Schifitto G, Hana G, Clark U, Gongvatana A, Paul R, Taylor M, Thompson P, Alger J, Brown M, Zhong J, Campbell T, Singer E, Daar E, McMahon D, Tso Y, Yiannoutsos CT, Navia B (2010) Effects of nadir CD4 count and duration of human immunodeficiency virus infection on brain volumes in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era. J Neurovirol 16:25–32

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cook JA, Burke-Miller JK, Cohen MH, Cook RL, Vlahov D, Wilson TE, Golub ET, Schwartz RM, Howard AA, Ponath C, Plankey MW, Levine AM, Grey DD (2008) Crack cocaine, disease progression, and mortality in a multicenter cohort of HIV-1 positive women. AIDS 22:1355–1363

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Dawes S, Suarez P, Casey CY, Cherner M, Marcotte TD, Letendre S, Grant I, Heaton RK (2008) Variable patterns of neuropsychological performance in HIV-1 infection. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 30:613–626

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Diehr MC, Cherner M, Wolfson TJ, Miller SW, Grant I, Heaton RK (2003) The 50 and 100-item short forms of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task (PASAT): demographically corrected norms and comparisons with the full PASAT in normal and clinical samples. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 25:571–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du H, Wu Y, Ochs R, Edelman RR, Epstein LG, McArthur J, Ragin AB (2012) A comparative evaluation of quantitative neuroimaging measurements of brain status in HIV infection. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 203:95–99

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ellis RJ, Badiee J, Vaida F, Letendre S, Heaton RK, Clifford D, Collier AC, Gelman B, McArthur J, Morgello S, McCutchan JA, Grant I (2011) Nadir CD4 is a predictor of HIV neurocognitive impairment in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 25:1747–1751

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gandhi N, Saiyed Z, Napuri J, Samikkannu T, Reddy PB, Agudelo M, Khatavkar P, Saxena S, Nair MN (2010) Interactive role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade-specific Tat protein and cocaine in blood-brain barrier dysfunction: implications for HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorder. J Neurovirol 16:294–305

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garin Escriva N, Velasco Muñoz C, Thomas De Pourcq J, Lopez Garcia B, Maria Haro Abad J, Antonia Mangues Bafalluy M, Trilla Garcia A (2014) Recreational drugs and HIV in Europe: current use of recreational drugs and principal HIV guidelines related recommendations. J Int AIDS Soc 17:19831

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gaskill PJ, Calderon TM, Luers AJ, Eugenin EA, Javitch JA, Berman JW (2009) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of human macrophages is increased by dopamine: a bridge between HIV-associated neurologic disorders and drug abuse. Am J Pathol 175:1148–1159

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Gianaros PJ, Marsland AL, Sheu LK, Erickson KI, Verstynen TD (2013) Inflammatory pathways link socioeconomic inequalities to white matter architecture. Cereb Cortex 23:2058–2071

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Golden CJ (1978) Stroop color and word test. Chicago, IL, Stoelting

    Google Scholar 

  • Grabner G, Janke AL, Budge MM, Smith D, Pruessner J, Collins DL (2006) Symmetric Atlasing and model based segmentation: an application to the hippocampus in older adults. In: Larsen R, Nielsen M, Sporring J (eds) Medical image computing and computer-assisted intervention – MICCAI 2006. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 58–66

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gray F, Scaravilli F, Everall I, Chretien F, An S, Boche D, Adle-Biassette H, Wingertsmann L, Durigon M, Hurtrel B, Chiodi F, Belli J, Lantos P (1996) Neuropathology of early HIV-1 infection. Brain Pathol 6:1–12

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heaton RK, Clifford DB, Franklin DR Jr, Woods SP, Ake C, Vaida F, Ellis RJ, Letendre SL, Marcotte TD, Atkinson JH, Rivera-Mindt M, Vigil OR, Taylor MJ, Collier AC, Marra CM, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, Morgello S, Simpson DM, McCutchan JA, Abramson I, Gamst A, Fennema-Notestine C, Jernigan TL, Wong J, Grant I (2010) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of potent antiretroviral therapy: CHARTER study. Neurology 75:2087–2096

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hoare J, Fouche JP, Spottiswoode B, Sorsdahl K, Combrinck M, Stein DJ, Paul RH, Joska JA (2011) White-matter damage in Clade C HIV-positive subjects: a diffusion tensor imaging study. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 23:308–315

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hua X, Boyle CP, Harezlak J, Tate DF, Yiannoutsos CT, Cohen R, Schifitto G, Gongvatana A, Zhong J, Zhu T, Taylor MJ, Campbell TB, Daar ES, Alger JR, Singer E, Buchthal S, Toga AW, Navia B, Thompson PM (2013) Disrupted cerebral metabolite levels and lower nadir CD4+ counts are linked to brain volume deficits in 210 HIV-infected patients on stable treatmentpatients on stable treatment. NeuroImage: Clinical 3:132–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jernigan TL, Archibald SL, Fennema-Notestine C, Taylor MJ, Theilmann RJ, Julaton MD, Notestine RJ, Wolfson T, Letendre SL, Ellis RJ, Heaton RK, Gamst AC, Franklin DR Jr, Clifford DB, Collier AC, Gelman BB, Marra C, McArthur JC, McCutchan JA, Morgello S, Simpson DM, Grant I (2011) Clinical factors related to brain structure in HIV: the CHARTER study. J Neurovirol 17:248–257

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen-Berg H, Behrens TE (2013) Diffusion MRI: from quantitative measurement to in vivo neuroanatomy 2edn. Elsevier, San Diego, CA

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaag AM, van Wingen GA, Caan MWA, Homberg JR, van den Brink W, Reneman L (2016) White matter alterations in cocaine users are negatively related to the number of additionally (ab)used substances. Addict Biol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelly C, Zuo XN, Gotimer K, Cox CL, Lynch L, Brock D, Imperati D, Garavan H, Rotrosen J, Castellanos FX, Milham MP (2011) Reduced interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity in cocaine addiction. Biol Psychiatry 69:684–692

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Klove H (1963) Grooved pegboard. Lafayette, IN, Lafayette Instruments

    Google Scholar 

  • Lane SD, Steinberg JL, Ma L, Hasan KM, Kramer LA, Zuniga EA, Narayana PA, Moeller FG (2010) Diffusion tensor imaging and decision making in cocaine dependence. PLoS One 5:e11591

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bihan D, Johansen-Berg H (2012) Diffusion MRI at 25: exploring brain tissue structure and function. NeuroImage 61:324–341

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonard JA, Mackey AP, Finn AS, Gabrieli JDE (2015) Differential effects of socioeconomic status on working and procedural memory systems. Front Hum Neurosci 9

  • Lim KO, Choi SJ, Pomara N, Wolkin A, Rotrosen JP (2002) Reduced frontal white matter integrity in cocaine dependence: a controlled diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 51:890–895

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lim KO, Wozniak JR, Mueller BA, Franc DT, Specker SM, Rodriguez CP, Silverman AB, Rotrosen JP (2008) Brain macrostructural and microstructural abnormalities in cocaine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 92:164–172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindl KA, Marks DR, Kolson DL, Jordan-Sciutto KL (2010) HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities. J NeuroImmune Pharmacol 5:294–309

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Narayana PA, Lane SD, Zuniga EA, Kramer LA, Moeller FG (2009) Diffusion tensor imaging in cocaine dependence: regional effects of cocaine on corpus callosum and effect of cocaine administration route. Drug Alcohol Depend 104:262–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Steinberg JL, Keyser-Marcus L, Ramesh D, Narayana PA, Merchant RE, Moeller FG, Cifu DX (2015) Altered white matter in cocaine-dependent subjects with traumatic brain injury: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Drug Alcohol Depend 151:128–134

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Madden DJ, Bennett IJ, Burzynska A, Potter GG, N-k C, Song AW (2012b) Diffusion tensor imaging of cerebral white matter integrity in cognitive aging. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) - Mol Basis Dis 1822:386–400

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madden DJ, Bennett IJ, Burzynska A, Potter GG, Chen NK, Song AW (2012a) Diffusion tensor imaging of cerebral white matter integrity in cognitive aging. Biochim Biophys Acta 1822:386–400

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meade CS, Conn NA, Skalski LM, Safren SA (2011) Neurocognitive impairment and medication adherence in HIV patients with and without cocaine dependence. J Behav Med 34:128–138

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meade CS, Towe SL, Skalski LM, Robertson KR (2015) Independent effects of HIV infection and cocaine dependence on neurocognitive impairment in a community sample living in the southern United States. Drug Alcohol Depend 149:128–135

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mimiaga MJ, Reisner SL, Grasso C, Crane HM, Safren SA, Kitahata MM, Schumacher JE, Mathews WC, Mayer KH (2013) Substance use among HIV-infected patients engaged in primary care in the United States: findings from the Centers for AIDS Research Network of Integrated Clinical Systems cohort. Am J Public Health 103:1457–1467

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Mocchetti I, Bachis A, Esposito G, Turner SR, Taraballi F, Tasciotti E, Paige M, Avdoshina V (2014) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated dementia: a link between accumulation of viral proteins and neuronal degeneration. Current trends in neurology 8:71–85

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller FG, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Kramer LA, Dougherty DM, Santos RM, Valdes I, Swann AC, Barratt ES, Narayana PA (2005) Reduced anterior corpus callosum white matter integrity is related to increased impulsivity and reduced discriminability in cocaine-dependent subjects: diffusion tensor imaging. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:610–617

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moeller FG, Hasan KM, Steinberg JL, Kramer LA, Valdes I, Lai LY, Swann AC, Narayana PA (2007) Diffusion tensor imaging eigenvalues: preliminary evidence for altered myelin in cocaine dependence. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 154:253–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori S, Oishi K, Jiang H, Jiang L, Li X, Akhter K, Hua K, Faria AV, Mahmood A, Woods R, Toga AW, Pike GB, Neto PR, Evans A, Zhang J, Huang H, Miller MI, van Zijl P, Mazziotta J (2008) Stereotaxic white matter atlas based on diffusion tensor imaging in an ICBM template. NeuroImage 40:570–582

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Müller-Oehring EM, Schulte T, Rosenbloom MJ, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV (2010) Callosal degradation in HIV-1 infection predicts hierarchical perception: a DTI study. Neuropsychologia 48:1133–1143

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz-Moreno JA, Fumaz CR, Ferrer MJ, Prats A, Negredo E, Garolera M, Perez-Alvarez N, Molto J, Gomez G, Clotet B (2008) Nadir CD4 cell count predicts neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir 24:1301–1307

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nath A (2010) Human immunodeficiency virus-associated neurocognitive disorder: pathophysiology in relation to drug addiction. Annals NY Academy of Sciences 1187:122–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nath A, Maragos WF, Avison MJ, Schmitt FA, Berger JR (2001) Acceleration of HIV dementia with methamphetamine and cocaine. J Neurovirol 7:66–71

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Navia BA, Jordan BD, Price RW (1986) The AIDS dementia complex: I. Clinical features. Ann Neurol 19:517–524

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols TE, Holmes AP (2002) Nonparametric permutation tests for functional neuroimaging: a primer with examples. Hum Brain Mapp 15:1–25

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Noble K, Grieve S, Korgaonkar M, Engelhardt L, Griffith E, Williams L, Brickman A (2012) Hippocampal volume varies with educational attainment across the life-span. Front Hum Neurosci:6

  • Noble KG, Korgaonkar MS, Grieve SM, Brickman AM (2013) Higher education is an age-independent predictor of white matter integrity and cognitive control in late adolescence. Dev Sci 16:653–664

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Oguz I, Farzinfar M, Matsui J, Budin F, Liu Z, Gerig G, Johnson HJ, Styner M (2014) DTIPrep: quality control of diffusion-weighted images. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics 8:4

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pence BW, Thielman NM, Whetten K, Ostermann J, Kumar V, Mugavero MJ (2008) Coping strategies and patterns of alcohol and drug use among HIV-infected patients in the United States Southeast. AIDS Patient Care STDs 22:869–877

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pfefferbaum A, Rosenbloom MJ, Rohlfing T, Kemper CA, Deresinski S, Sullivan EV (2009) Frontostriatal fiber bundle compromise in HIV infection without dementia. AIDS 23:1977–1985

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pomara N, Crandall DT, Choi SJ, Johnson G, Lim KO (2001) White matter abnormalities in HIV-1 infection: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 106:15–24

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Purohit V, Rapaka R, Shurtleff D (2011) Drugs of abuse, dopamine, and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders/HIV-associated dementia. Mol Neurobiol 44:102–110

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rafie C, Campa A, Smith S, Huffman F, Newman F, Baum MK (2010) Cocaine reduces thymic endocrine function: another mechanism for accelerated HIV disease progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses.

  • Reitan RM, Wolfson D (1993) The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: theory and clinical interpretation, 2nd edn. Neuropsycholgy Press Tucson, AZ

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero MJ, Asensio S, Palau C, Sanchez A, Romero FJ (2010) Cocaine addiction: diffusion tensor imaging study of the inferior frontal and anterior cingulate white matter. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 181:57–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schouten J, Cinque P, Gisslen M, Reiss P, Portegies P (2011) HIV-1 infection and cognitive impairment in the cART era: a review. AIDS 25:561–575

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siconolfi DE, Halkitis PN, Barton SC, Kingdon MJ, Perez-Figueroa RE, Arias-Martinez V, Karpiak S, Brennan-Ing M (2013) Psychosocial and demographic correlates of drug use in a sample of HIV-positive adults ages 50 and older. Prev Sci 14:618–627

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SM (2002) Fast robust automated brain extraction. Hum Brain Mapp 17:143–155

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Johansen-Berg H, Rueckert D, Nichols TE, Mackay CE, Watkins KE, Ciccarelli O, Cader MZ, Matthews PM, Behrens TEJ (2006) Tract-based spatial statistics: voxelwise analysis of multi-subject diffusion data. NeuroImage 31:1487–1505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Smith SM, Jenkinson M, Woolrich MW, Beckmann CF, Behrens TEJ, Johansen-Berg H, Bannister PR, De Luca M, Drobnjak I, Flitney DE, Niazy RK, Saunders J, Vickers J, Zhang Y, De Stefano N, Brady JM, Matthews PM (2004) Advances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL. NeuroImage 23(Supplement 1):S208–S219

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spronk DB, van Wel JHP, Ramaekers JG, Verkes RJ (2013) Characterizing the cognitive effects of cocaine: a comprehensive review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 37:1838–1859

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spudich S (2013) HIV and neurocognitive dysfunction. Curr HIV AIDS Rep 10:235–243

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stern RA, White T (2009) NAB digits forward/digits backward test: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. (PAR), Lutz, FL

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang VM, Lang DJ, Giesbrecht CJ, Panenka WJ, Willi T, Procyshyn RM, Vila-Rodriguez F, Jenkins W, Lecomte T, Boyda HN, Aleksic A, MacEwan GW, Honer WG, Barr AM (2015) White matter deficits assessed by diffusion tensor imaging and cognitive dysfunction in psychostimulant users with comorbid human immunodeficiency virus infection. BMC Research Notes 8:1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thurnher MM, Castillo M, Stadler A, Rieger A, Schmid B, Sundgren PC (2005) Diffusion-tensor MR imaging of the brain in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. Am J Neuroradiol 26:2275–2281

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Valcour V, Sithinamsuwan P, Letendre S, Ances B (2011) Pathogenesis of HIV in the central nervous system. Curr HIV AIDS Rep 8:54–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valcour V, Yee P, Williams AE, Shiramizu B, Watters M, Selnes O, Paul R, Shikuma C, Sacktor N (2006) Lowest ever CD4 lymphocyte count (CD4 nadir) as a predictor of current cognitive and neurological status in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection—The Hawaii Aging with HIV Cohort. J Neurovirol 12:387–391

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang B, Liu Z, Liu J, Tang Z, Li H, Tian J (2016) Gray and white matter alterations in early HIV-infected patients: combined voxel-based morphometry and tract-based spatial statistics. J Magn Reson Imaging 43:1474–1483

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wright PW, Vaida FF, Fernández RJ, Rutlin J, Price RW, Lee E, Peterson J, Fuchs D, Shimony JS, Robertson KR, Walter R, Meyerhoff DJ, Spudich S, Ances BM (2015) Cerebral white matter integrity during primary HIV infection. AIDS 29:433–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Y, Storey P, Cohen BA, Epstein LG, Edelman RR, Ragin AB (2006) Diffusion alterations in corpus callosum of patients with HIV. Am J Neuroradiol 27:656–660

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu T, Zhong J, Hu R, Tivarus M, Ekholm S, Harezlak J, Ombao H, Navia B, Cohen R, Schifitto G (2013) Patterns of white matter injury in HIV infection after partial immune reconstitution: a DTI tract-based spatial statistics study. J Neurovirol 19:10–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This study was funded by grants K23-DA028660, R21-DA036450, T32-AI007392, R01-AG039684, and R03-033828-02S1 from the U.S. National Institutes of Health. We are grateful to the UNC Center for AIDS Research (P30-AI50410) for its assistance with patient recruitment. The NIH had no further role in study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation of data, writing the report, or in the decision to submit the paper for publication. We thank all the individuals who participated in this study.

CSM designed the original project and secured grant funding; DMC, CSM, SLT, SAH, and NC conceptualized the current study; DMC, CSM, and SLT conducted the analyses, with guidance from DJM, NC, and SAH; DMC and CSM drafted the manuscript and SLT wrote additional sections; and all authors contributed to and have approved the final manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Daniella M. Cordero, Sheri L. Towe & Christina S. Meade

  2. Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Box 102848, Durham, NC, 27705, USA

    Sheri L. Towe, David J. Madden & Christina S. Meade

  3. Brain Imaging and Analysis Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, 27710, USA

    Nan-kuei Chen & David J. Madden

  4. Department of Radiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, 27705, USA

    Nan-kuei Chen

  5. Department of Neurology, Physicians Office Building, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA

    Kevin R. Robertson

  6. Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Scott A. Huettel

  7. Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA

    Scott A. Huettel

Authors
  1. Daniella M. Cordero
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sheri L. Towe
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nan-kuei Chen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Kevin R. Robertson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. David J. Madden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Scott A. Huettel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Christina S. Meade
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Christina S. Meade.

Ethics declarations

Study procedures were approved by the institutional review boards at Duke University Health System and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Cordero, D.M., Towe, S.L., Chen, Nk. et al. Cocaine dependence does not contribute substantially to white matter abnormalities in HIV infection. J. Neurovirol. 23, 441–450 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-017-0512-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-017-0512-5

Keywords

Search

Navigation