Abstract
An hourly-resolution dataset from observations at the automatic weather stations (AWSs) is developed and applied to study the characteristics of weakening surface wind in the urban areas of Beijing City in 2008–2017. The “Urban Stilling Island (USI)” is defined and quantified to depict the surface wind speed (WS) differences between rural and urban regions. The urban (rural) sites are represented by 45 (6) stations within (outside) the 6th Ring Road (RR). The results demonstrate remarkable smaller annual and seasonal average WS values in urban areas than in rural areas, indicating significant USI, especially in the central urban areas (within the 4th RR) in spring and winter. Further analysis reveals that the surface roughness effect dominates and enhances the USI intensity (USII) under the stronger large-scale background wind in spring and winter, whereas the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect may dominate and decrease the USII under weaker large-scale wind in summer and autumn. The diurnal USII variations are characterized by a steady low-value phase from 1900 to 0800 Beijing Time (BT) and a high-value phase from 1100 to 1500 BT, with rapid shifts of USII in between. Long-term variation of hourly USII shows large mean USII in 2008–2012 but decreased USII in 2013–2017, possibly attributed to the change of urbanization level around the rural observation sites.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Alonso, M. S., M. R. Fidalgo, and J. L. Labajo, 2007: The urban heat island in Salamanca (Spain) and its relationship to meteorological parameters. Climate Res., 34, 39–16, doi: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr034039.
Aristidi, E., K. Agabi, M. Azouit, et al., 2005: An analysis of temperatures and wind speeds above dome C, Antarctica. Astron. Astrophys., 430, 739–746, doi: https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041876.
Ashrafi, K., M. Shafie-Pour, and H. Kamalan, 2009: Estimating temporal and seasonal variation of ventilation coefficients. Int. J. Environ. Res., 3, 637–644.
Azorin-Molina, C., J. A. Guijarro, T. R. McVicar, et al., 2016: Trends of daily peak wind gusts in Spain and Portugal, 1961–2014. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 121, 1059–1078, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD024485.
Bian, T., G. Y. Ren, and L. X. Zhang, 2018: Significant urbanization effect on decline of near-surface wind speed at Shijiazhuang station. Climate Change Res., 14, 21–30. (in Chinese)
Bichet, A., M. Wild, D. Folini, et al., 2012: Causes for decadal variations of wind speed over land: Sensitivity studies with a global climate model. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L11701, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL051685.
Bornstein, R. D., and D. S. Johnson, 1977: Urban-rural wind velocity differences. Atmos. Environ., 11, 597–604, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(77)90112-3.
Chai, Y. N., G. J. Wei, W. Hou, et al., 2018: Multi-scale eco-environmental quality evaluation method from a spatial perspective. Chinese J. Ecol., 37, 596–604, doi: https://doi.org/10.13292/j.1000-4890.201802.013. (in Chinese)
Chandler, T. J. 1965: The Climate of London. Hutchinson, London, 292 pp.
Cuadrat, J. M., S. M. Vicente-Serrano, and M. Á. Saz, 2015: Influence of different factors on relative air humidity in Zaragoza, Spain. Front. Earth Sci., 3, 10, doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2015.00010.
Frederick, R. H., 1964: On the representativeness of surface wind observations using data from Nashville, Tennessee. Int. J. Air Wat. Pollut., 8, 11–19.
Ge, Y., X. Xu, J. Li, et al., 2016: Study on the influence of urban building density on the heat island effect in Beijing. J. Geo-Inf. Sci., 18, 1698–1706, doi: https://doi.org/10.3724/SP.J.1047.2016.01698. (in Chinese)
Graham, I. R., 1968: An analysis of turbulence statistics at Fort Wayne, Indiana. J. Appl. Meteor., 7, 90–93, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1968)007<0090:AAOTSA>2.0.CO;2.
Hobbins, M. T., J. A. Ramírez, and T. C. Brown, 2004: Trends in pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U.S.: Paradoxical or complementary? Geophys. Res. Lett., 31, L13503, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019846.
Hosler, C. R., 1961: Low-level inversion frequency in the contiguous United States. Mon. Wea. Rev., 89, 319–339, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1961)089<0319:LIFITC>2.0.CO;2.
Hou, A. Z., G. H. Ni, H. B. Yang, et al., 2013: Numerical analysis on the contribution of urbanization to wind stilling: An example over the greater Beijing metropolitan area. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 52, 1105–1115, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-12-013.1.
Jiang, Y., Y. Luo, Z. C. Zhao, et al., 2010: Changes in wind speed over China during 1956–2004. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 99, 421–430, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-009-0152-7.
Klink, K., 1999: Trends in mean monthly maximum and minimum surface wind speeds in the coterminous United States, 1961 to 1990. Climate Res., 13, 193–205, doi: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr013193.
Landsberg, H. E., 1956: The climate of towns. Man’s Role in Changing the Face of the Earth, W. L. Thomas, Ed., University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 584–606.
Lee, D. O., 1979: The influence of atmospheric stability and the urban heat island on urban-rural wind speed differences. Atmos. Environ., 13, 1175–1180, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-6981(79)90042-8.
Li, Y. Y., S. H. Qu, and M. Y. Zhou, 1982: Analysis of flow melds in Beijing area. Acta Sci. Circumstant., 2, 351–357. (in Chinese)
Li, Z., Z. W. Yan, K. Tu, et al., 2011: Changes in wind speed and extremes in Beijing during 1960–2008 based on homogenized observations. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 2, 408–420, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00376-010-0018-z.
Liu, X. F., X. H. Liang, G. Y. Ren, et al., 2012: Impact of the observational environment change on surface wind speed in China. Plateau Meteor., 31, 1645–1652. (in Chinese)
Liu, Y., S. G. Wang, K. Z. Shang, et al., 2002: Time-space changing character of low-level wind in Lanzhou city and its correlation with air pollution. Plateau Meteor., 21, 322–326, doi: https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:1000-0534.2002.03.015. (in Chinese)
Lynch, A. H., J. A. Curry, R. D. Brunner, et al., 2004: Toward an integrated assessment of the impacts of extreme wind events on Barrow, Alaska. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 85, 209–222, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-85-2-209.
Mao, Z. C., J. H. Ma, Y. H. Qu, et al., 2018: Relationships between air quality and meteorological conditions in Shanghai in 2015. J. Meteor. Environ., 34, 52–60, doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1673-503X.2018.02.007. (in Chinese)
McVicar, T. R., M. L. Roderick, R. J. Donohuea, et al., 2012: Global review and synthesis of trends in observed terrestrial near-surface wind speeds: Implications for evaporation. J. Hydrol., 416–417, 182–205, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2011.10024.
Miao, L., X. N. Liao, and Y. C. Wang, 2016: Diurnal variation of PM25 mass concentration in Beijing and influence of meteorological factors based on long term date. Environ. Sci., 37, 2836–2846, doi: https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.2016.08.003. (in Chinese)
Mu, Q. C., S. G. Miao, Y. W. Wang, et al., 2019: Evaluation of employing local climate zone classification for mesoscale modelling over Beijing metropolitan area. Meteor. Atmos. Phys., 132, 315–326, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00703-019-00692-7.
Mu, X. D., H. P. Liu, and X. J. Xue, 2012: Urban growth in Beijing from 1984 to 2007 as gauged by remote sensing. J. Beijing Normal Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 48, 81–85. (in Chinese)
Oke, T. R., 1988: The urban energy balance. Prog. Phys. Geogr., 12, 471–508, doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/030913338801200401.
Peng, Z., and F. Hu, 2006: A study of the influence of urbanization of Beijing on the boundary wind structure. Chinese J. Geophys., 49, 1608–1615, doi: https://doi.org/10.3321/j.issn:0001-5733.2006.06.005. (in Chinese)
Pielke, R. A., G. Marland, R. A. Betts, et al., 2002: The influence of land-use change and landscape dynamics on the climate system: relevance to climate-change policy beyond the radiative effect of greenhouse gases. Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci., 360, 1705–1719, doi: https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2002.1027.
Pirazzoli, P. A., and A. Tomasin, 2003: Recent near-surface wind changes in the central Mediterranean and Adriatic areas. Int. J. Climatol, 23, 963–973, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.925.
Ren, G. Y., and Y. Q. Zhou, 2014: Urbanization effect on trends of extreme temperature indices of national stations over main-land China, 1961–2008. J. Climate, 27, 2340–2360, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00393.1.
Ren, G. Y., J. Guo, M. Z. Xu, et al., 2005: Surface climate changes in China’s mainland over the past half century. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 63, 942–956, doi: https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2005.090. (in Chinese)
Ren, G. Y., Z. Y. Chu, Z. H. Chen, et al., 2007: Implications of temporal change in urban heat island intensity observed at Beijing and Wuhan stations. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L05711, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL027927.
Ren, Y. Y., and G. Y. Ren, 2011: A remote-sensing method of selecting reference stations for evaluating urbanization effect on surface air temperature trends. J. Climate, 24, 3179–3189, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/2010JCLI3658.1.
Roderick, M. L., L. D. Rotstayn, G. D. Farquhar, et al., 2007: On the attribution of changing pan evaporation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L17403, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031166.
Shapiro, A., and E. Fedorovich, 2018: An analytical model of an urban heat island circulation in calm conditions. Environ. Fluid Mech., 19, 111–135, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10652-018-9621-9.
Torralba, V., F. J. Doblas-Reyes, and N. Gonzalez-Reviriego, 2017: Uncertainty in recent near-surface wind speed trends: A global reanalysis intercomparison. Environ. Res. Lett., 12, 114019, doi: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aa8a58.
Tuller, S. E., 2004: Measured wind speed trends on the west coast of Canada. Int. J. Climatol., 24, 1359–1374, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1073.
Turner, J., S. R. Colwell, G. J. Marshall, et al., 2005: Antarctic climate change during the last 50 years. Int. J. Climatol., 25, 279–294, doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1130.
Unger, J., 1996: Heat island intensity with different meteorological conditions in a medium-sized town: Szeged, Hungary. Theor. Appl. Climatol., 54, 147–151, doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00865157.
Vautard, R., J. Cattiaux, P. Yiou, et al., 2010: Northern Hemisphere atmospheric stilling partly attributed to an increase in surface roughness. Nat. Geosci., 3, 756–761, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo979.
Wu, X., and W. Q. Wu, 2016: Urban-rural differences in the probability distribution of surface wind speed in Nanjing. Climatic Environ. Res., 21, 134–140, doi: https://doi.org/10.3878/j.issn.1006-9885.2015.15026. (in Chinese)
Xu, M., C. P. Chang, C. B. Fu, et al., 2006: Steady decline of East Asian monsoon winds, 1969–2000: Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speed. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111, D24111, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JD007337.
Yang, D. Q., S. Ishida, B. E. Goodison, et al., 1999: Bias correction of daily precipitation measurements for Greenland. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 104, 6171–6181, doi: https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200110.
Yang, P., W. D. Liu, J. Q. Zhong, et al., 2011: Evaluating the quality of temperature measured at automatic weather stations in Beijing. J. Appl. Meteor. Sci., 22, 706–715, doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1001-7313.2011.06.008. (in Chinese)
Yang, P., G. Y. Ren, and W. D. Liu, 2013: Spatial and temporal characteristics of Beijing urban heat island intensity. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 52, 1803–1816, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-12-0125.1.
Yang, P., Z. N. Xiao, and M. S. Ye, 2016: Cooling effect of urban parks and their relationship with urban heat islands. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. Lett., 9, 298–305, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2016.1191316.
Yang, P., G. Y. Ren, and W. Hou, 2017: Temporal-spatial patterns of relative humidity and the urban dryness island effect in Beijing City. J. Appl. Meteor. Climatol., 56, 2221–2237, doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0338.1.
Yao, H. R., and D. L. Li, 2016: The interannual variation of wind speed in the Tibetan Plateau in spring and its response to global warming during 1971–2012. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 74, 60–75, doi: https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2016.006. (in Chinese)
Yu, H. M., Y. Q. Xu, and H. L. Zhang, 2014: The impact on wind speed trend of urbanization at Heilongjiang Province. Acta Energ. Sol. Sinica, 35, 1797–1802, doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0254-0096.2014.09.037. (in Chinese)
Zhang, A. Y., G. Y. Ren, J. Guo, et al., 2009: Change trend analyses on upper-air wind speed over China in past 30 years. Plateau Meteor., 28, 680–687. (in Chinese)
Zhang, L., and G. Y. Ren, 2003: Change in dust storm frequency and the climatic controls in northern China. Acta Meteor. Sinica, 61, 744–750, doi: https://doi.org/10.11676/qxxb2003.075. (in Chinese)
Zhang, N., W. M. Jiang, and F. Hu, 2001: Simulations for flow structures in city canyon with k-ε turbulence energy closure sheme. Acta Aerodyn. Sinica, 19, 296–301, doi: https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.0258-1825.2001.03.008. (in Chinese)
Zhang, Z. B., Y. Yang, X. P. Zhang, et al., 2014: Wind speed changes and its influencing factors in southwestern China. Acta Ecol. Sinica, 34, 471–481, doi: https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb201305141051. (in Chinese)
Zheng, Z. F., and G. Y. Ren, 2017: Effects of gauge under-catch on precipitation observation and long-term trend estimates in Beijing area. Adv. Water Sci., 28, 662–670, doi: https://doi.org/10.14042/j.cnki.32.1309.2017.05.003. (in Chinese)
Zhou, B. Y., F. Zheng, and J. Zhu, 2017: Analysis of the interannual variations and influencing factors of wind speed anomalies over the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Atmos. Ocea. Sci. Lett., 10, 312–318, doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/16742834.2017.1327301.
Zhou, S. Z., and B. X. Yu, 1988: Shanghai urban influences on wind velocity. J. East China Normal Univ. (Nat. Sci.), 3, 68–76. (in Chinese)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0606302) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (41775078, 41675092, and 41575003).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yang, P., Ren, G., Yan, P. et al. Tempospatial Pattern of Surface Wind Speed and the “Urban Stilling Island” in Beijing City. J Meteorol Res 34, 986–996 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-020-9135-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-020-9135-5