Abstract
Macrophages are primary immune cells that mediate a wide range of inflammatory diseases through their polarization potential. In this study, phytol isolated from Scoparia dulcis has been explored against 7-ketocholesterol and bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage polarization in IC-21 cells. Isolated phytol has been characterized using GC–MS, TLC, HPTLC, FTIR, 1H-NMR, and HPLC analyses. The immunomodulatory effects of viable concentrations of phytol were tested on oxidative stress, arginase activity, nuclear and mitochondrial membrane potentials in IC-21 cells in addition to the modulation of calcium and lipids. Further, gene and protein expression of atherogenic markers were studied. Results showed that the isolated phytol at a viable concentration of 400 µg/ml effectively reduced the production of nitric oxide, superoxide anion (ROS generation), calcium and lipid accumulation, stabilized nuclear and mitochondrial membranes, and increased arginase activity. The atherogenic markers including iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, MMP-9, CD36, and NF-κB were significantly downregulated at the levels of gene and protein expression, while macrophage surface and nuclear receptor markers (CD206, CD163, and PPAR-γ) were significantly upregulated by phytol pre-treatment in macrophages. Therefore, the present pharmacognostic study supports the role of phytol isolated from Scoparia dulcis in preventing M2–M1 macrophage polarization under inflammatory conditions, making it a promising compound.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the Department of Zoology and GNR instrumentation facility, University of Madras, Guindy Campus for providing all the support and necessary instrumentation facilities for performing this study. They also greatly acknowledge DST-FIST for providing us with necessary funding for instrument procurement.
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The collected Scoparia dulcis was taxonomically identified and confirmed by the Department of Botany, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India with a plant authentication certificate (Accession No: ALUH1833).
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PD conceptualized the hypothesis, compiled the protocols, performed all methodologies, and accumulated the data; AA supervised compound isolation; and SR, MK, and LCM assisted in data curation and literature writing and revising and correcting the manuscript. MR, JS, and BM provided resources, supervision, and validation for the research work. The manuscript has been read and approved for submission by all the authors.
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Duraisamy, P., Angusamy, A., Ravi, S. et al. Phytol from Scoparia dulcis prevents NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses during macrophage polarization. 3 Biotech 14, 80 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-024-03924-9
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-024-03924-9