Abstract
Foodborne illnesses are leading source of morbidity and mortality in both developed and developing nations. Escherichia coli O157 is one of the most reported foodborne pathogen that emerged in the past few decades. South East Asia region suffers the highest average burden of diarrhoeal mortality, especially when it comes to child mortality.Query Many studies were undertaken in the developed nations to evaluate the role of E. coli O157 as one of the etiological agent in foodborne outbreaks. In this article, we discuss the distribution of E. coli O157 serotype in the food chains of South East Asian countries, with a special focus on India where more than half a million child diarrhoeal deaths occurs every year and the reasons for which is often not ascertained to the fullest extent. The article also describes in detail about the various detection methods and control measures with respect to E. coli O157. The aim of this study is to document and highlight the extent of Foodborne infections of E. coli O157 origin and thereby taking effective and proactive preventive measures.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
Available with the institute.
References
Ayaz ND, Gencay YE, Erol I (2014) Prevalence and molecular characterization of sorbitol fermenting and non-fermenting Escherichia coli O157: H7+/H7–isolated from cattle at slaughterhouse and slaughterhouse wastewater. Int J Food Microbiol 174:31–38
Ayaz ND, Cufaoglu G, Yonsul Y, Goncuoglu M, Erol I (2019) Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in Escherichia coli O157: H7 cattle and sheep isolates and whole-genome sequence of a colistin-resistant sorbitol fermentative Escherichia coli O157: H7. Microb Drug Resist 25:1497–1506
Bach SJ, McAllister TA, Veira DM, Gannon VPJ, Holley RA (2002) Transmission and control of Escherichia coli O157: H7-a review. Can J Anim Sci 82:475–490
Call DR, Brockman FJ, Chandler DP (2001) Detecting and genotyping Escherichia coli O157: H7 using multiplexed PCR and nucleic acid microarrays. Int J Food Microbiol 67:71–80
Campbell GR, Prosser J, Glover A, Killham K (2001) Detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in soil and water using multiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol 91:1004–1010
Cornick NA, VuKhac H (2008) Indirect transmission of Escherichia coli O157: H7 occurs readily among swine but not among sheep. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:2488
Cufaoglu G, Ayaz ND (2019) Listeria monocytogenes risk associated with chicken at slaughter and biocontrol with three new bacteriophages. J Food Saf 39:e12621
Daly B, Betts WB, Brown AP, O’Neill JG (1998) Bacterial loss from biofilms exposed to free chlorine. Microbes 96:7–21
Dhanashree B, Mallya PS (2008) Detection of shiga-toxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in diarrhoeagenic stool & meat samples in Mangalore, India. Indian J Med Res 128:271
Doyle MP, Schoeni JL (1984) Survival and growth characteristics of Escherichia coli associated with hemorrhagic colitis. Appl Environ Microbiol 48:855
Doyle MP, Schoeni JL (1987) Isolation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from retail fresh meats and poultry. Appl Environ Microbiol 53:2394
Feng P, Fields PI, Swaminathan B, Whittam TS (1996) Characterization of nonmotile variants of Escherichia coli O157 and other serotypes by using an antiflagellin monoclonal antibody. J Clin Microbiol 34:2856–2859
Fortin NY, Mulchandani A, Chen W (2001) Use of real-time polymerase chain reaction and molecular beacons for the detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Anal Biochem 289:281–288
Fratamico PM, Schultz FJ, Buchanan RL (1992) Rapid isolation of Escherichia coli O157: H7 from enrichment cultures of foods using an immunomagnetic separation method. Food Microbiol 9:105–113
Gehring AG, Brewster JD, Irwin PL, Tu SI, Van Houten LJ (1999) 1-Naphthyl phosphate as an enzymatic substrate for enzyme-linked immunomagnetic electrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem 469:27–33
Gencay YE, Ayaz ND, Copuroglu G, Erol I (2016) Biocontrol of shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli O157: H7 in turkish raw meatball by bacteriophage. J Food Saf 36:120–131
Glavin MOK (2003) A single microbial sea: food safety as a global concern. SAIS Rev 23:203–220
Goodridge L, Chen J, Griffiths M (1999) The use of a fluorescent bacteriophage assay for detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in inoculated ground beef and raw milk. Int J Food Microbiol 47:43–50
Gupta S, Soni NK, Kaur P, Sood DK (1992) Verocytopathic activity of Escherichia coli O157 & other ‘O’ serogroups isolated from patients of diarrhoea. Indian J Med Res 95:71–76
Hamner S, Broadaway SC, Mishra VB, Tripathi A, Mishra RK, Pulcini E, Ford TE (2007) Isolation of potentially pathogenic E. coli O157: H7 from the ganges river. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:2369
Havelaar AH, Kirk MD, Torgerson PR, Gibb HJ, Hald T, Lake RJ (2015) World health organization foodborne disease burden epidemiology reference group world health organization global estimates and regional comparisons of the burden of foodborne disease in 2010. PLoS Med 12:e1001923
Hoff C (2021) Notes from the field: an outbreak of Escherichia coli O157: H7 infections linked to romaine lettuce exposure-United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 70:689–690
Holland JL, Louie L, Simor AE, Louie M (2000) PCR detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 directly from stools: evaluation of commercial extraction methods for purifying fecal DNA. J Clin Microbiol 38:4108
Honish L, Punja N, Nunn S, Nelson D, Hislop N, Gosselin G, Dittrich D (2017) Enteric disease outbreaks: Escherichia coli O157: H7 infections associated with contaminated pork products-Alberta, Canada, July–October 2014. Can Commun Dis Rep 43:21
Hu Y, Zhang Q, Meitzler JC (1999) Rapid and sensitive detection of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in bovine faeces by a multiplex PCR. J Appl Microbiol 87:867–876
Jacewicz MS, Acheson DW, Binion DG, West GA, Lincicome LL, Fiocchi C, Keusch GT (1999) Responses of human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells to Shiga toxins 1 and 2 and pathogenesis of hemorrhagic colitis. Infect Immun 67:1439
Kaper JB, Nataro JP, Mobley HL (2004) Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat Rev Microbiol 2:123–140
Keskinen LA, Burke A, Annous BA (2009) Efficacy of chlorine, acidic electrolyzed water and aqueous chlorine dioxide solutions to decontaminate Escherichia coli O157: H7 from lettuce leaves. Int J Food Microbiol 132:134–140
Kohli C, Garg S (2015) Food safety in India: an unfinished agenda. MAMC J Med Sci 1:131
Kristkova ZS, Grace D, Kuiper M (2017) The economics of food safety in India: a rapid assessment. ILRI orcid.org/0000-0002-0195-9489
Lanjewar M, De Anuradha S, Mathur M (2010) Diarrhoeagenic E. coli in hospitalized patients: special reference to Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 53:75
Lim JY, Yoon JW, Hovde CJ (2010) A brief overview of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and its plasmid O157. J Microbiol Biotechnol 20:5
Majowicz SE, Scallan E, Jones-Bitton A, Sargeant JM, Stapleton J, Angulo FJ, Kirk MD (2014) Global incidence of human Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli infections and deaths: a systematic review and knowledge synthesis. Foodborne Pathog Dis 11:447–455
March SB, Ratnam SA (1989) Latex agglutination test for detection of Escherichia coli serotype O157. J Clin Microbiol 27:1675
McClure P, Ronnie N, Waskar M (2012) HACCP, risk assessment and risk communication. Nova Science Publishers, pp 27–48
Mritunjay SK, Kumar V (2017) Microbial quality, safety, and pathogen detection by using quantitative PCR of raw salad vegetables sold in Dhanbad city, India. J Food Prot 80:121–126
Muniesa M, Jofre J, García-Aljaro C, Blanch AR (2006) Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 and other enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in the environment. Environ Sci Technol 40:7141–7149
Nath M, Vandana UK, Choudhury A, Adapa D, Kumar D (2019) Molecular epidemiology and prevalence of Escherichia coli contamination in fresh vegetables sold at retails in Silchar, Assam, India. Int J Agri Biol Engg 35:1–5
Naylor SW, Nart P, Sales J, Flockhart A, Gally DL, Low JC (2007) Impact of the direct application of therapeutic agents to the terminal recta of experimentally colonized calves on Escherichia coli O157: H7 shedding. Appl Environ Microbiol 73:1493–1500
Padhye NV, Doyle MP (1991) Production and characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific for enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli of serotypes O157: H7 and O26: H11. J Clin Microbiol 29:99
Pushpakanth P, Kennedy ZJ, Balachandar D (2019) Source tracking of Shiga-like toxin-producing Escherichia coli in the fresh vegetable production system of South India. Ann Microbiol 69:885–893
Rajkhowa S, Sarma DK (2014) Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of porcine O157 and non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli from India. Trop Anim Health Prod 46:931–937
Rangel JM, Sparling PH, Crowe C, Griffin PM, Swerdlow DL (2005) Epidemiology of Escherichia coli O157: H7 outbreaks, United States, 1982–2002. Emerg Infect Dis 11:603
Rychert J (2019) Benefits and limitations of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry for the identification of microorganisms. J Infect. https://doi.org/10.29245/2689-9981/2019/4.1142
Sai CB (2019) Prevalence of Shiga-like toxin producing Escherichia coli strain (E. coli O157) in freshly consumed vegetables and its characterization. J Food Saf 39:12577
Saxena T, Kaushik P, Mohan MK (2015) Prevalence of E. coli O157: H7 in water sources: an overview on associated diseases, outbreaks and detection methods. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 82:249–264
Sehgal R, Kumar Y, Kumar S (2008) Prevalence and geographical distribution of Escherichia coli O157 in India: a 10-year survey. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 102:380–383
Seto EY, Soller JA, Colford JM (2007) Strategies to reduce person-to-person transmission during widespread Escherichia coli O157: H7 outbreak. Em Infect Dis 13:860–866
Sharma VK, Schaut RG, Loving CL (2018) Vaccination with killed whole-cells of Escherichia coli O157: H7 hha mutant emulsified with an adjuvant induced vaccine strain-specific serum antibodies and reduced E. coli O157: H7 fecal shedding in cattle. Vet Microbiol 219:190–199
Sharma I, Henbi LN, Yaiphathoi S (2019) Detection of virulence properties in E. coli isolated from packed food products from North East India. J Biotech Res 10:255–261
Shearer AE, Strapp CM, Joerger RD (2001) Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction based system for detection of Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli O157: H7, Listeria spp., and Listeria monocytogenes on fresh fruits and vegetables. J Food Prot 64:788–795
Sheng H, Lim JY, Knecht HJ, Li J, Hovde CJ (2006) Role of Escherichia coli O157: H7 virulence factors in colonization at the bovine rectal mucosa. Infect Immun 74:4685
Spano G, Beneduce L, Terzi V, Stanca AM, Massa S (2005) Real-time PCR for the detection of E. coli O157: H7 in dairy and cattle wastewater. Lett Appl Microbiol 40:164–171
Tarr PI, Gordon CA, Chandler WL (2005) Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli and haemolyticuraemic syndrome. Lancet 365:1073–1086
Thompson JS, Hodge DS, Borczyk AA (1990) Rapid biochemical test to identify verocytotoxin-positive strains of Escherichia coli serotype O157. J Clin Microbiol 28:2165
Vijayan C, Ajaykumar VJ, Bhattacharya A, Bhanurekka V (2017) Detection of enterohaemorrhagic E. coli O157: H7 from beef and chevon sold in and around Puducherry. J Entomol Zool Stud 5:1395–1403
Vinay PT, Mallinath KC, Kharate A, Suryakanth P, Revappayya M (2018) Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in faecal sample of sheep and goats in North East Karnataka. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7:242–250
Waters AM, Kerecuk L, Luk D, Haq MR, Fitzpatrick MM, Gilbert RD, Tullus K (2007) Hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with invasive pneumococcal disease: the United Kingdom experience. J Pediatr 151:140–144
World Health Organization (2019) Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia Coli (STEC) and food: attribution characterization and monitoring, pp 24–53. ISBN 978-92-4-151427-9
Yaron S, Matthews KR (2002) A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for detection of viable Escherichia coli O157: H7: investigation of specific target genes. J Appl Microbiol 92:633–640
Funding
The required fund has been received from ICAR-National Research Centre on Pig.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All the listed authors have equally contributed.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Consent for publication
Approved by the Performance Monitoring and Evaluation (PME) cell of the institute for sending for publication to JFST.
Ethical approval
All the research works carried out at Food Quality Control Lab is approved by Institute Animal Ethics Committee and Institute Biosecurity Council.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Singha, S., Thomas, R., Viswakarma, J.N. et al. Foodborne illnesses of Escherichia coli O157origin and its control measures. J Food Sci Technol 60, 1274–1283 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05381-9
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-022-05381-9