Abstract
Effect of fresh-cut procedure on the accumulation of GABA in carrots via γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) shunt and polyamines degradation pathway was investigated. Results showed that fresh-cut processing enhanced glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity and expression levels of DcGAD1 and DcGAD2, while reduced GABA transaminase (GABA-T) activity and DcGABA-T1 expression level, which induced the more glutamate (Glu) conversion to GABA. Polyamines (PAs) in shredded carrots were significantly lower than the whole, due to the elevated activities of diamine oxidase (DAO), polyamine oxidase (PAO) and aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase (AMADH) and DcPAO expression level, which indicated that the polyamines degradation pathway was activated and more PAs were converted to GABA. These results suggested that fresh-cut procedure can induce the accumulation of GABA through activating GABA shunt and polyamines degradation pathway. Besides, fresh-cut processing treatment did not have much adverse effect on the organoleptic quality of carrots.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Adel Z, Trobacher CP, Shelp BJ (2016) Arabidopsis aldehyde dehydrogenase 10 family members confer salt tolerance through putrescine-derived 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) production. Sci Rep 6:35115–35126. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35115
Aghdam MS, Luo Z, Jannatizadeh A, Sheikh-Assadic M, Sharafid Y, Farmanie B, Fardf JR, Razavig F (2019) Employing exogenous melatonin applying confers chilling tolerance in tomato fruits by upregulating ZAT2/6/12 giving rise to promoting endogenous polyamines, proline, and nitric oxide accumulation by triggering arginine pathway activity. Food Chem 275:549–556
Alejandro Tomás-Callejas A, Otón M, Artés F, Artés-Hernández F (2012) Combined effect of uv-c pretreatment and high oxygen packaging for keeping the quality of fresh-cut tatsoi baby leaves. Innov Food Sci Emerg Technol 14:115–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2011.11.007
Allan WL, Simpson JP, Clark SM, Shelp BJ (2008) γ-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in Arabidopsis and tobacco plants is a general response to abiotic stress: putative regulation by redox balance and glyoxylate reductase isoforms. J Exp Botany 59(9):2555–2564. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern122
Al-Quraan NA, Locy RD, Singh NK (2011) Implications of paraquat and hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress treatments on the GABA shunt pathway in Arabidopsis thaliana calmodulin mutants. Plant Biotechnol Rep. 5(3):225–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11816-011-0174-3
Ansari MI, Lee RH, Chen SCG (2005) A novel senescence-associated gene encodingγ-aminobutyric acid (GABA): pyruvate transaminase is upregulated duringrice leaf senescence. Physiol Plant 123:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2004.00430.x
Bartyzel I, Pelczar K, Paszkowski A (2003) Functioning of the γ-aminobutyrate pathway in wheat seedlings affected by osmotic stress. Biol Plant 47(2):221–225. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:biop.0000022255.01125.99
Boonburapong B, Incharoensakdi A (2016) Accumulation of gamma aminobutyric acid in the halotolerant cyanobacterium aphanothece halophytica under salt and acid stress. J Appl Phycol 28(1):141–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0523-7
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72(1–2):248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Cao SF, Cai YT, Yang ZF, Zheng YH (2012) MeJA induces chilling tolerance in loqua fruit by regulating proline and γ-aminobutyric acid contents. Food Chem 133(4):1466–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.02.035
Clark SM, Di Leo R, Van Cauwenberghe OR, Mullen RT, Shelp BJ (2009) Subcellular localization and expression of multiple tomato gamma-amin obutyrate transaminases that utilize both pyruvate and glyoxylate. J Exp Bot 60(11):3255–3267. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp161
Deewatthanawong R, Nock JF, Watkins CB (2010a) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in four strawberry cultivars in response to elevated CO2storage. Postharvest Biol Technol 57(2):92–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.03.003
Deewatthanawong R, Rowell P, Watkins CB (2010b) γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in CO2 treated tomatoes. Postharvest Biol Technol 57(2):97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2010.03.007
Gao H, Jia Y, Guo S, Lv G, Wang T, Juan L (2011) Exogenous calcium affects nitrogen metabolism in root-zone hypoxia-stressed muskmelon roots and enhances short-term hypoxia tolerance. J Plant Physiol 168(11):1217–1225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2011.01.022
Hayakawaa K, Kimura M, Yamori Y (2005) Role of the renal nerves in γ-aminobutyric acid-induced antihyper-tensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Eur J Pharmacol 524(1–3):120–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2005.09.020
Hodges DM, Toivonen PMA (2008) Quality of fresh-cut fruits and vegetables as affected by exposure to abiotic stress. Postharvest Biol Technol 48(2):155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2007.10.016
Huang H, Ge W, Limwachiranon J, Li L, Li W, Luo ZS (2017) UV-C treatment affects browning and starch metabolism of minimally processed lily bulb. Postharvest Biol Technol 28:105–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.02.010
Hu XH, Xu ZR, Xu WN, Li JM, Zhao N, Zhou Y (2015) Application of gamma-aminobutyric acid demonstrates a protective role of polyamine and GABA metabolism in muskmelon seedlings under Ca(NO3)2 stress. Plant Physiol Biochem 92:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plaphy.2015.04.006
Kinnersley AM, Turano FJ (2000) Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and plant responses to stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 19(6):479–509. https://doi.org/10.1080/07352680091139277
Lee JY, Park HJ, Lee CY (2003) Extending shelf-life of minimally processed apples with edible coatings and antibrowning agents. LWT-Food Sci Technol 36(3):323–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(03)00014-8
Liao JR, Wu XY, Xing ZQ, Li QH, Duan Y, Fang WP, Zhu XJ (2017) Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) accumulation in tea (Camellia sinensis L.) through the GABA shunt and polyamine degradation pathways under anoxia. J Agric Food Chem 65(14):3013–3018. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00304
Li D, Li L, Xiao G, Limwachiranon J, Xu Y, Lu H et al (2018) Effects of elevated CO2 on energy metabolism and γ-aminobutyric acid shunt pathway in postharvest strawberry fruit. Food Chem 265:281–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.05.106
Li X, Li M, Han C, Jin P, Zheng Y (2017) Increased temperature elicits higher phenolic accumulation in fresh-cut pitaya fruit. Postharvest Biol Technol 129:90–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2017.03.014
Luo X, Wang Y, Li QQ, Wang DH, Xing CC, Zhang LJ, Xu T, Wang FZ (2017) Accumulating mechanism of γ-aminobutyric acid in soybean (Glycine max L) during germination. Int J Food Sci Technol 53(1):106–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijfs.13563
Mei X, Chen YY, Zhang LY, Fu XM, Wei Q, Don G, Zhou Y, Huang YH, Dong F, Yang ZY (2016) Dual mechanisms regulatingglutamate decarboxylasesand accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tea (Camellia sinensis) leaves exposed to multiple stresses. Sci Rep 6:23685–23696. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep23685
Petrivalský M, Brauner F, Luhová L, Gagneul D, Sebela M (2007) Aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase activity during wound healing of mechanically injured pea seedlings. J Plant Physiol 164(11):1410–1418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jplph.2007.01.018
Shang HT, Cao SF, Yang ZF, Cai YT, Zheng YH (2011) Effect of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid treatment on proline accumulation and chilling injury in peach fruit after long-term cold storage. J Agric Food Chem 59(4):1264–1268. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf104424z
Shelp BJ, Bozzo GG, Trobacher CP, Zarei A, Deyman KL, Brikis CJ (2012) Hypothesis/review: contribution of putrescine to 4-aminobutyrate (GABA) production in response to abiotic stress. Plant Sci 193–194:130–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2012.06.001
Surjadinata BB, Cisneros-Zevallos L (2012) Biosynthesis of phenolic antioxidants in carrot tissue increases with wounding intensity. Food Chem 134(2):615–624. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.097
Wang D, Li L, Xu Y, Limwachiranon J, Li D, Ban Z, Luo Z (2017) Effect of exogenous nitro oxide on chilling tolerance, polyamine, proline, and γ-aminobutyric acid in bamboo shoots (Phyllostachys praecox f prevernalis). J Agric Food Chem 65(28):5607–5613. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02091
Wang KK, Xu F, Cao SF et al (2019) Effects of exogenous calcium chloride (CaCl2) and ascorbic acid (AsA) on the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism in shredded carrots. Postharvest Biol Technol 152:111–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.postharvbio.2019.03.005
Wang Y, Luo Z, Huang X, Yang K, Du R (2014) Effect of exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) treatment on chilling injury and antioxidant capacity in banana peel. Sci Hortic 168:132–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2014.01.022
Wang Y, Luo Z, Mao L, Ying T (2016) Contribution of polyamines metabolism and GABA shunt to chilling tolerance induced by nitric oxide in cold-stored banana fruit. Food Chem 197(15):333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.10.118
William W, Secor J, Schrader LE (1984) Rapid accumulation of γ-aminobutyric acid and alanine in soybean leaves in response to an abrupt transfer to lower temperature, darkness, or mechanical manipulation. Plant Physiol 75(1):170–175. https://doi.org/10.2307/4268635
Yang R, Guo Q, Gu Z (2013) GABA shunt and polyamine degradation pathway on γ-aminobutyric acid accumulation in germinating fava bean (Vicia faba L) under hypoxia. Food Chem 136(1):152–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.08.008
Yang RQ, Wang SF, Yin YQ, Gu ZX (2015) Hypoxia treatment on germinating faba bean (Vicia faba L) seeds enhances GABA-related protection against salt stress. Chilean J agric res 5(2):184–191. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392015000200007
Zhu X, Li Q, Hu J, Wang M, Li X (2015) Molecular cloning and characterization of spermine synthesis gene associated with cold tolerance in tea plant (camellia sinensis). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 177(5):1055–1068. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-015-1796-7
Acknowledgements
This study was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (31972092), Public Welfare Applied Research Project of Zhejiang Province (LGN19C200012) and Ningbo City (2019C10086), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFD0401304).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict and interest
The authors have declare no conflicts of interest for this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Supplementary information
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Hou, Y., Ren, H., Wang, K. et al. Influence of fresh-cut process on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism and sensory properties in carrot. J Food Sci Technol 59, 552–561 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05039-y
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-021-05039-y