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Numerical optimization of probiotic Ayran production based on whey containing transglutaminase and Aloe vera gel

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to optimize the functional properties of probiotic Ayran. Two-level fractional factorial design with four center points was used to investigate the effect of five independent variables including, reconstructed whey protein (70–90% of milk), salt (0.5–1 g/100 g), Aloe vera gel (0–30 g/100 g), transglutaminase enzyme (0–14 unit/100 g) and storage time (1–21 days). The viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and other physicochemical properties such as pH, acidity, viscosity, sedimentation, and color were modeled and then optimized using desirability function method. Results showed that reconstructed whey protein and Aloe vera gel significantly affected the viability of L. acidophilus La-5 and other physicochemical properties (p < 0.05). The viability of L. acidophilus La-5 and viscosity decreased by increasing of whey protein percentage from 70 to 90. Maximum L. acidophilus La-5 count was observed in samples with a minimum level of whey protein and maximum level of Aloe vera gel. Milk replacement with whey protein up to 90% caused to decrease acidity and viscosity significantly but sedimentation increased (p < 0.05). Optimum condition for production of functional Ayran determined as follow: Aloe vera gel concentration: 25.7%, reconstructed whey protein: 70%, salt: 0.58% and transglutaminase enzyme: 5 unit/100 mL.

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Notes

  1. Biochemical oxygen demand.

  2. Chemical oxygen demand.

  3. Direct vat set.

  4. The Association of Official Analytical Chemists.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by Urmia University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

    Mahmoud Rezazadeh-Bari, Younes Najafi-Darmian & Mohammad Alizadeh

  2. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Saber Amiri

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  1. Mahmoud Rezazadeh-Bari
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  2. Younes Najafi-Darmian
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  3. Mohammad Alizadeh
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  4. Saber Amiri
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Correspondence to Mahmoud Rezazadeh-Bari.

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Rezazadeh-Bari, M., Najafi-Darmian, Y., Alizadeh, M. et al. Numerical optimization of probiotic Ayran production based on whey containing transglutaminase and Aloe vera gel. J Food Sci Technol 56, 3502–3512 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03841-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-019-03841-3

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