Abstract
Dolostones of Um Bogma Formation, Lower Carboniferous, have been possibly originated due to two different fluids. The main fluid source is related to meteoric water. The second fluid originated from deeper hydrothermal sources ascended through faults. The diagenetic features of Um Bogma Formation show many processes with conspicuous effects, including dolomitization, neomorphism, mechanical and chemical compaction, as well as it characteristics with stylolites, sutured and concave–convex contacts between grains. Based on mineralogical composition and petrography, the diagenetic environments are distinguished into shallow marine, near surface meteoric and burial environments. Dolostones in the studied area are possibly subjected to chemical and biochemical weathering. Um Bogma dolostones are nearly stoichiometric and ordered. Mineralogical and geochemical studies indicated that dolomite crystals were deposited in mixing zone of marine and meteoric water. In addition, it is formed in the near-surface oxidizing environment. The Sr distribution coefficient and Y content of the studied dolostones indicated that they are formed in temperature >110 and <150 °C. The CF (Contamination factor) and Igeo (Geo-accumulation index) have doubtlessly indicated that the Um Bogma dolomite rocks are polluted especially for Fe, Rb, Co, Cu, W, S, Ba, Zn, Zr and As. The studied dolomites of Area 45 and Um Bogma Mine sections are characterized by enrichment of Co and Cu, which indicated their deposition in marine environment. The studied dolomite of Um Bogma Mine is characterized by the enrichment of Zn, W, Ba, Mn, Ti and As which derived from hydrothermal solution. Consequently, the dolostones of the Um Bogma Formation are similar to those in Cayman Formation, Indies.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abou El-Anwar EA (2005) Petrography, geochemistry and genesis of the Upper Eocene carbonate terraces (II and III), Qasr El-Sagha Formation, El-Faiyum, Egypt. Sediment Egypt 13:243–260
Abou El-Anwar EA (2006) Petrography, geochemistry and genesis of some middle eocene rocks at qattamia area, cairo-suez road, Egypt. NRC Egypt 31(6):519–543
Abou El-Anwar EA (2010) Petrographical and geochemical studies on the subsurface carbonate sediments of El-Azima Well, Western Samalut, Samalut Formation, El Minia, Egypt. Sediment Egypt 18:243–260
Abou El-Anwar EA (2011) Petrographical, geochemical and diagenetic studies of the Middle Eocene carbonates, Mokattam Formation of Darb El-Fayium area. In: Int Conf on Geological Sciences and Engineering, Paris, France, 24–26 August, 1315–1325
Abou El-Anwar EA (2012) Contribution to the composition and origin of the reef terraces in Ras Mohamed, Sharm El-Sheikh Coast, Southern Sinai, Egypt. Geol Soc Egypt 56:33–48
Amthor JE, Friedman GM (1992) Early- to Late- diagenetic dolomitization of platform carbonates: lower ordovician ellenburger group, permain basin. West Texas. J Sediment Petrol 62:131–144
Anu G, Nair SM, Kumar NC, Jayalakshmi KV, Pamalal D (2009) A baseline study of trace metals in a coral reef sedimentary environment, Lakshadweep Archipelago. Environ Earth Sci. doi:10.1007/s12665009-0113-6
Banner JL (1995) Application of the trace element and isotope geochemistry of strontium to studies of carbonate diagenesis. Sedimentology 42:805–824
Bathurst RGC (1987) Diagenetic enhanced bedding in argillaceous platform limestones: stratified cementation and selective compaction. Sedimentology 34:749–778
Budd DA (1997) Cenozoic dolomites of carbonate islands: their attributes and origin. Earth-Sci Rev 42:1–47
Bühn B, Schneider J, Dulski P, Rankin AH (2003) Fluid–rock interaction during progressive migration of carbonatitic fluids, derived from small-scale trace element and Sr, Pb isotope distribution in hydrothermal fluorite. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 67(23):4577–4595
Buxton TM, Sibley DF (1981) Pressure solution features in a shallow buried limestone. J Sediment Petrol 51:19–26
Chena G, Hea Z, Stoffellab P, Yanga X, Yub S, Calvert D (2006) Use of dolomite phosphate rock (DPR) fertilizers to reduce phosphorus leaching from sandy soil. Environ Pollut 139:176–182
Choquette PW, James NP (1990) Limestone-the burial diagenetic environment. In: Mcllreath IA, Morrow DW (eds) Diagenesis, Geosci Canada, Reprint series, No. 4
Conliffe J, Azmy K, Greene M (2012) Dolomitization of the lower ordovician catoche formation: implications for hydrocarbon exploration in Western Newfoundland. Mar Petrol Geol 30:161–173
Danise SB, Cavalazzi E, Dominici S, Westall F, Monechi S, Guioli S (2012) Evidence of microbial activity from a shallow water whale fall (Voghera, Northern Italy). Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 317–318:13–26
Dill HG (1988) Diagenetic and epigenetic U, Ba, and base metal mineralization in the arenaceous upper triassic “burgsandstein” (Southern Germany). with special reference to mineralization in duricrusts. Minerol Petrol 89:93–105
Dill HG (2010) Authigenic heavy minerals a clue to unravel supergen and hypogen alteration of marine and continental sediments of triassic to cretaceous age (SE Germany), Sediment Geol, In Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available online 24 April 2010
Drever JI (1988) The geochemistry of natural waters. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, p 437
El-Gamal R (1984) Geological studies on the stratigraphic succession of Um Bogma District, west Central Sinai, Egypt. Unpubl. M. Sc. Thesis, Cairo Unv., p 180
El-Kammar AM, El-Kammar MM (1996) Potentiality of chemical weathering under arid conditions of black shale from Egypt. J Arid Environ 33:179199
Folk R, Land L (1975) Mg/Ca ratio and salinity: a frame of reference for crystallization of dolomite. AAPG 59:60–68
Frank JR (1981) Dolomitization in the taum sauk limestone (upper cambrian), Southeast Missouri. J Sediment Petrol 51:7–18
Gao G, Land LS, Elmore RD (1995) Multiple episodes of dolomitization in the arbuckle group, arbuckle mountain, South-central Oklahoma: field, petrographic and geochemical evidence. J Sediment Res A65:321–331
Gao XE, Wang P, Peng LI, Wang D, Hongwen C (2012) Petrologic characteristics and genesis of dolostone from the campanian of the SK-I well core in the songliao basin, China, Geosci Front, pp 1–12
Granina L, Mats V, Phedorin M (2010) Iron-manganese formations in the baikal region. Russ Geol Geophys 51:650–660
Gregg JM, Sibley DF (1984) Epigenetic dolomitization and origin of xenotopic dolomite texture. J Sediment Petrol 54:908–915
Gregg JM, Howard SA, Mazzullo SJ (1992) Early diagenetic recrystallization of holocene (~3000 years old) peritidal dolomites, Ambergis cay, Belize. Sedimentology 39:143–160
Issawi B, El-Hinnawi M, Francis M, Mazhar A (1999) The phanerozoic geology of Egypt: Egypt Geol Survey, Sp. Publ, USA, p 462
Kaczmarek SE, Sibley DF (2011) On the evolution of dolomite stoichiometry and cation order during high-temperature synthesis experiments: an alternative model for the geochemical evolution of natural dolomites. Sediment Geol 240:30–40
Katz A, Matthews A (1977) The dolomitization of CaCOs: an experimental study at 40–98 C. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 36:481–496
Kora M (1986) Lower Carboniferous microfauna from Um Bogma Formation, Sinai. Mansoura Sci Bull 13:127–150
Kora M, Jux U (1986) On the early carboniferous macrofauna from the Um Bogma Formation, Sinai. Neur Jarbuch Geol Palaontol H2:85–98
Loska K, Cebula E, Pelczar J, Wiechula J, Kwapulinski D (1997) Use of enrichment and contamination factors together with geoaccumulation indexes to evaluate the content of Cd, Cu and Ni in the Rybnik water reservoir in Poland. Water Air Soil Pollut 93:347–365
Loukina S, Abou El-Anwar EA (1991) Petrography, mineralogy and diagenesis of gebel ataqa dolostones. Egypt J Geol 35(1–2):133–145
Loukina S, Abou El-Anwar EA (1994) Geochemistry of Gebel Ataqa dolostones. Egypt J Geol 38(1):141–156
Lumsden DN (1979) Discrepancy between thin-section and X-Ray estimates of dolomite in limestone. J Sediment Petrol 49(2):424–436
Lumsden DN, Chimahusky JS (1980) Relationship between dolomite non-stoichiometry and carbonate facies parameters, vol 28. SEPM special Publ, USA, pp 123–132
Macias C, Schifter I, Lluch-Cota D, Mendez-Rodriguez L, Vazquez SH (2006) Distribution, enrichment and accumulation of heavy metals in coastal sediments of Salina Cruz Bay, Mexico. Environ Monit Assess 118:211–230
Mart J, Sass E (1972) Geology and origin of the manganese ore of Um Bogma, Sinai. Econ Geol 67:145–155
Michard A (1989) Rare earth elements systematic in hydrothermal fluid. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 53:745–750
Montaiiez I, Read J (1992) Fluid-rock interaction history during stabilization of early dolomites, upper knox group (lower ordovician), U.S Appalachians. J Sediment Petrol 62:753–778
Nicholson K (1992) Contrasting mineralogical-geochemical signatures of manganese oxides: guides to metallogenesis. Econ Geol 87:1253–1264
Nobi EP, Dilipan E, Thangaradjou T, Sivakumar K, Kannan L (2010) Geochemical and geo-statistical assessment of heavy metal concentration in the sediments of different coastal ecosystems of Andaman Islands, India. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 87:253–264
Parry WT (2011) Composition, nucleation, and growth of iron oxide concretions. Sediment Geol 233:53–68
Purser BH, Tucker ME, Zenger DH (1994) Problems, progress and future research concerning dolomites and dolomitization. Sedimentology 21:3–20
Raj S M, Jayaprakash M (2007) Distribution and enrichment of trace metals in marine sediments of Bay of Bengal, off Ennore, South-East Coast of India. Environ Geol. doi:10.1007/s00254-007-1156-1
Ranjan R, Ramanathan A, Singh G, Chidambaram S (2008) Assessment of metal enrichments in tsunamigenic sediments of Pichavaram mangroves, Southeast Coast of India. Environ Monit Assess. doi:10.1007/s10661-0070128-y
Ronchia P, Masettib D, Tassanc S, Camocino D (2012) Hydrothermal dolomitization in platform and basin carbonate successions during thrusting: a hydrocarbon reservoir analogue (Mesozoic of Venetian Southern Alps, Italy). Mar Petrol Geol 29:68–89
Said R (1990) The geology of Egypt. A A Balkema, Rotterdan
Shaaban MN, Holail HM, Sedeik KN, Rashed MA (2005) Multiple dolomitization events of the Lower Carboniferous Um Bogma Formation, west central Sinai, Egypt. Carbonates Evaporates 20(2):1–9
Shata A, Mira H (2010) Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Mo-U-REE bearing carbonates shale in Um Bogma area, southwestern Sinai, Egypt. Sediment Egypt 18:11–28
Sibley DF, Gregg JM (1987) Classification of dolomite rock textures. J Sediment Petrol 57:955–963
Sun Y, Jiang J, Kantarelis E, Xu J, Li L, Zhao S, Yang W (2012) Development of a bimetallic dolomite based tar cracking catalyst. Catal Commun 20:36–40
Tucker ME (1983) Diagenesis, geochemistry, and origin of a precambrian dolomite: the beck spring dolomite of eastern California. J Sediment Petrol 53:1097–1119
Tucker ME (1990) Dolomites and dolomitization models. In: Tucker ME, Wright P (eds) Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 365–400
Tucker ME, Wright VP (1990) Carbonate sedimentology. Blackwell, Oxford
Turekian KK, Wedepohl KH (1961) Distribution of the elements in some major units of the earth’s crust. Bull Geol Soc Am 72:175–192
Vahrenkamp VC, Stwart PK (1990) New distribution coefficient for the incorporation of strontium into dolomite and its implications for the formation of ancient dolomites. Geology 18:387–391
Wacey D, Wright D, Boyce A (2007) A stable isotope study of microbial dolomite formation in the Coorong Region, South Australia. Chem Geol 244:155–174
Wilson JI (1975) Carbonate facies in geologic history. Springer, Berlin
Yang Y, Bao-Sheng L, Shi-Fan Q, Zheng W, Quan-Zhou G, Yun-Zhuo L (2008) Climatic changes indicated by trace elements in the Chagelebulu Stratigraphic Section, Badain Jaran Desert, China, since 150 kyr. B.P. Geoche Int 46(1):96–103
Zenger DH, Dunham JB, Ethington RL (1980) Concepts and models of dolomitization, vol 28. SEPM Special Publ, USA
Zhao H, Jones B (2012) Origin of “island dolostones”: a case study from the cayman formation (miocene), Cayman Brac, British West Indies. Sediment Geol 243–244:191–206
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
El-Anwar, E.A.A. Composition and origin of the dolostones of Um Bogma Formation, Lower Carboniferous, West Central Sinai, Egypt. Carbonates Evaporites 29, 239–250 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-014-0188-3
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-014-0188-3