Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Determinants of Property Rights Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Published:
Journal of the Knowledge Economy Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article complements existing literature by assessing determinants of property rights protection with particular emphasis on history, geography and institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa. The empirical evidence is based on a sample of 47 countries for the period 2000–2007. Random effects GLS regressions are employed using property rights measurements from the Mo Ibrahim and Heritage Foundations. The results broadly show that ethnic fractionalisation, Polity IV and GDP per capita have positive effects on property rights institutions while the following have negative effects: military rule, the Protestant religion, maturity from colonial independence and population density. The findings have relevant policy implications for countries in the sub-region currently on the path to knowledge-based economies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

Notes

  1. More literature on the relationship between the quality of institutions and the performance of nations can be found in inter alia: Acemoglu et al. (2005), Djankov et al. (2003); Baland et al. (2010) and Fosu (2015a, b).

  2. This author has proposed an extensive literature on the determinants of property rights.

  3. Consistent with Asongu (2015b), this second strand has prominently featured in the debate because of arguments about whether permission for the copying of life-saving pharmaceuticals should be given to developing nations that are less likely to afford for HIV/AIDS treatments but most affected by the disease burden.

References

  • Acemoglu, D., & Johnson, S. (2005). Unbundling institutions. Journal of Political Economy, 113(5), 949–995.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., & Robinson, A. J. (2000). Political losers as a barrier to economic development. The American Economic Review, 90(2), 126–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: an empirical investigation. American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369–1401.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 107(2), 1231–1294.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as the fundamental cause of long-run growth. In P. Aghion & S. Durlauf (Eds.), Handbook of economigrowth. Amsterdam: North-Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Acemoglu, D., Egorov, G., & Sonin, K. (2008). Coalition formation in non-democracies. Review of Economic Studies, 75(4), 987–1009.

    Google Scholar 

  • African Development Bank (2007). “Growing a knowledge based economy: evidence from public expenditure on education in Africa.” Economic Research Working Paper Series No. 88. Tunis.

  • Agbor, J. A. (2015). How does colonial origin matter for economic performance in SubSaharan Africa? In A. K. Fosu (Ed.), Growth and institutions in African development (Chapter 13, pp. 309–327). New York: Routledge Studies in Development Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., & Giuliano, P. (2015). Culture and institutions. Journal of EconomicLiterature, 53(4), 898–944.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., & Perotti, R. (1996). Income distribution, political instability, and investment. European Economic Review, 40(6), 1203–1228.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alesina, A., Devleeschauwer, A., Easterly, W., Kurlat, S., & Wacziarg, R. (2003). Fractionalization. Journal of Economic Growth, 8(2), 155–194.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali, A. (2013). Are property rights and financial development complements or substitutes? Case of private investment. Economics Bulletin, 33(2), 1126–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, J. A., & Garcimartín, C. (2013). The determinants of institutional quality. More on the debate. Journal of International Development, 25(2), 206–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrés, A. R. (2006). The relationship between copyright software protection and piracy: evidence from Europe. European Journal of Law and Economics, 21(1), 29–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrés, A. R., & Asongu, S. A. (2013a). Fighting software piracy: which governance tools matter in Africa? Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3), 667–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrés, A. R., & Asongu, S. A. (2013b). Global dynamic timelines for IPRs harmonization against software piracy. Economics Bulletin, 33(1), 874–880.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrés, A. R., & Asongu, A. S. (2015). “The impact of software piracy on human development: evidence from Africa”, African Governance and Development Institute Working PaperNo. 055/15, Yaoundé.

  • Andrés, A. R., & Asongu, S. A. (2016). Global trajectories, dynamics and tendencies of software piracy: benchmarking IPRs harmonization. Journal of Economic Studies, 43(5), 780–800.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrés, A. R., & Goel, R. K. (2012). Does software piracy affect economic growth? Evidence across countries. Journal of Policy Modeling, 34(2), 284–295.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrés, A. R., Asongu, S. A., & Amavilah, V. H. S. (2015). The impact of formal institutions on knowledge economy. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 1034–1062.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anyanwu, J. (2007). Promoting investment in Africa. African Development Review, 18(1), 42–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anyanwu, J. (2009). Why does foreign direct investment go where it goes?: new evidence from African countries. Annals of Economics and Finance, 13(2), 425–462.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anyanwu, J. C. (2012). Developing knowledge for the economic advancement of Africa. International Journal of Academic Research in Economics and Management Sciences, 1(2), 73–111.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2012). Law and finance in Africa. Brussels Economic Review, 55(4), 385–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2013a). Harmonizing IPRs on software piracy: empirics of trajectories in Africa. Journal of Business Ethics, 118(3), 667–682.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2013b). The ‘knowledge economy’-finance nexus: how do IPRs matter in SSA and MENA countries? Economics Bulletin, 33(1), 78–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2014a). Knowledge economy and financial sector competition in Africa countries. African Development Review, 26(2), 333–346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2014b). Fighting software piracy: which IPRs laws matter in Africa? Institutions and Economies, 6(2), 1–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2014c). Software piracy and scientific publications: knowledge economy evidence from Africa. African Development Review, 26(4), 572–583.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2014d). Software piracy, inequality and the poor: evidence from Africa. Journal of Economic Studies, 41(4), 526–553.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2014e). On the substitution of institutions and finance in investment. Economics Bulletin, 34(3), 1557–1574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2015a). Knowledge economy gaps, policy syndromes, and catch-up strategies: fresh South Korean lessons to Africa. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. doi:10.1007/s13132-015-0321-0.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A. (2015b). Fighting software piracy in Africa: how do legal origins and IPRs protection channels matter? Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 6(4), 682–703.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A., & Tchamyou, S. V. (2016). The impact of entrepreneurship on knowledge economy in Africa. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(1), 101–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Asongu, S. A., Singh, P., & Le Roux, S. (2016). Fighting software piracy: some global conditional policy instruments. Journal of Business Ethics. doi:10.1007/s10551-016-3291-7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, J. E. (2005). Knowledge economies: a global perspective. In A. Bonfour & L. Edvinsson (Eds.), Intellectual capital for communities. Oxford: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ayyagari, M., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Maksimovic, V. (2006). “What determines protection of property rights? An analysis of direct and indirect effects.” World Bank policy research working paper No. 3940. Washington, D.C: The World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baland, J.-M., Moene, K.-O., & Robinson, J. (2010). Governance and development. In E. C. Banfield (Ed.), (1958) The moral basis of a backward society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, D., Khalid, A. M., & Sturm, J.-E. (2005). Socio-economic development and software piracy. An empirical assessment. Applied Economics, 37(18), 2091–2097.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, F. L., Alladina, S. N., & Lederer, S. (2009). Foreign direct investment in sub-Saharan Africa: motivating factors and policy issues. Journal of African Business, 10(2), 141–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartels, F. L., Napolitano, F., & Tissi, N. E. (2014). FDI in Sub-Saharan Africa: a longitudinal perspective on location-specific factors (2003–2010). International Business Review, 23(3), 516–529.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck, T., Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Ross, L. (2003). Law, endowments, and finance. Journal of Financial Economics, 70(2), 137–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bessen, J., & Maskin. E. (2000) “sequential innovation, patents, and imitation”. Department of Economics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Working Paper No. 00–01, Cambridge.

  • Bezmen, T. L., & Depken, C. A. (2004). “The impact of software piracy on economic development”, working paper. Palmetto: Francis Marion University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bezmen, T. L., & Depken, C. A. (2006). Influences on software piracy: evidence from the various United States. Economics Letters, 90(3), 356–361.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bizri, O. (2009). “The Knowledge economy and the Arab countries: current climate and future prospects in education, innovation and technology”, Carthage High Level International Conference on Building Knowledge Economies for job creation, increased competiveness and balanced development. December, 1–3, 2009.

  • Britz, J. J., Lor, P. J., Coetzee, I. E. M., & Bester, B. C. (2006). Africa as a knowledge society: a reality check. The International Information & Library Review, 38(1), 25–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandra, D. S., & Yokoyama, K. (2011). “The role of good governance in the knowledge-based economic growth of East Asia—a study on Japan, Newly Industrialized Economies, Malaysia and China”, Graduate School of Economics, Kyushu University.

  • Chong, A., & Gradstein, M. (2004). “Inequality and institutions.” Inter-American Development Bank Working Paper No. 506. Washington, D.C: The Inter-American Development Bank.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clague, C., Keefer, P., & Knack, S. (1996). Property and contract rights in autocracies and democracies. Journal of Economic Growth, 1(2), 243–276.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier, P. (2000). Ethnicity politics and economic performance. Economics and Politics, 12(3), 225–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlman, C. (2007). The challenge of the knowledge economy for Latin America. Globalization Competitiveness and Governability Journal, 1(1), 18–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Darley, W. K. (2012). Increasing Sub-Saharan Africa’s share of foreign direct investment: public policy challenges, strategies, and implications. Journal of African Business, 13(1), 62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djankov, S., Glaeser, G., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2003). The new comparative economics. Journal of Comparative Economics, 31(4), 595–619.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly, W. (2007). Inequality does cause underdevelopment: insights from a new instrument. Journal of Development Economics, 84(2), 755–776.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly, W., & Levine, R. (1997). Africa’s growth tragedy: policies and ethnic divisions. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 112(4), 1203–1250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Easterly, W., & Levine, R. (2003). Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development. Journal of Monetary Economics, 50(1), 3–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engerman, S. L. & Sokoloff, K. L. (2002). “Factor endowments, inequality, and paths of development among new world economies”, NBER working paper No. 9259, Cambridge.

  • Falvey, R., Foster, N., & Greenway, D. (2006). Intellectual property rights and economic growth. Review of Development Economics, 10(4), 700–719.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fofack, H. (2014). “The idea of economic development: views from Africa”, WIDER Working PaperNo. 2014/093, Helsinki.

  • Fosu, A. K. (2015a). In A. K. Fosu (Ed.), Growth and institutions in African development. New York: Routledge Studies in Development Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fosu, A. K. (2015b). Growth and institutions in African Development. In A. K. Fosu (Ed.), Growth and institutions in African development (Vol. Chapter 1, pp. 1–17). New York: Routledge Studies in Development Economics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerba, D. T. (2012). Impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions of business and engineering students in Ethiopia. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 3(2), 258–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel, R. K., & Nelson, M. A. (2009). Determinants of software piracy: economics, institutions, and technology. Journal of Technology Transfer, 34(6), 637–658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, D. M., & Gruben, W. C. (1996). The role of intellectual property rights in economic growth. Journal of Development Economics, 48(2), 323–350.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gradstein, M. (2004). “Inequality, Democracy and the emergence of institutions,” CEPR Discussion Papers 4187, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers, London.

  • Greif, A. (1994). Cultural beliefs and the organization of society: a historical and theoretical reflection on collectivist and individualist societies. Journal of PoliticalEconomy, 102(5), 912–950.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, G. M., & Helpman, E. (1991). Innovation and growth in the global economy. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helpman, E. (1993). Innovation, imitation, and intellectual property rights. Econometrica, 61(6), 1247–1280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam, R., & Montenegro, C. E. (2002). “What determines the quality of institutions?”. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 2764, Washington.

  • Kalonda-Kanyama, I., & Kodila-Tedika, O. (2012). “Quality of institutions: does intelligence matter?”, Working Papers 308, Economic Research Southern Africa.

  • Kaufmann, D., & Kraay, A. (2002). Growth without governance. Economia, 3(1), 169–215.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keefer, P., & Knack, S. (2002). Polarization, politics and property rights: links between inequality and growth. Public Choice, 111(1–2), 127–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, S. (2013). “Korea in Africa: a missing piece of the puzzle?”; (ed. Kitchen Nicolas) in Emerging Powers in Africa, pp. 51–66. http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/publications/reports/pdf/SR016/SR-016-Kim.pdf (Accessed: 05/07/2014).

  • Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: cross-country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics and Politics, 7(3), 207–227.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodila-Tedika, O. (2014a). Governance and intelligence: empirical analysis from African data. Journal of African Development, 16(1), 83–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodila-Tedika, O. (2014b). Forget your gods: African evidence on the relation between state capacity and cognitive ability of leading politicians. European Economic Letters, 3(1), 7–11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kodila-Tedika, O. & Tcheta-Bampa, A. (2014). “Cold war and institutional quality: some empirical evidence,” MPRA Paper 53965, University Library of Munich, Germany.

  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1998). Law and finance. Journal of Political Economy, 106(6), 1113–1155.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., & Vishny, R. W. (1999). The quality of government. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 15(1), 222–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2008). The economic consequences of legal origins’. Journal of Economic Literature, 46(2), 285–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, D. (1999). Unintended consequences: the impact of factor endowments, culture, and politics on long-run economic performance. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. S. (1998). The wealth and poverty of nations: why some are so rich and some so poor. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landes, D. S. (2000). Culture makes almost all the difference. In L. E. Harrison & S. P. Huntington (Eds.), Culture matters. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J., & Mansfield, E. (1996). Intellectual property protection and U.S. Foreign direct investment. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 78(2), 181–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemarchand, R. (1972). Political clientelism and ethnicity in tropical Africa: competing solidarities in nation-building. American Political Science Review, 66(1), 68–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lessig, L. (2001). The future of ideas: the fate of the commons in a connected world. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Licht, A. N., Goldschmidt, C., & Schwartz, S. H. (2005). Culture, law, and corporate governance. International Review of Law and Economics, 25(2), 29–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Licht, A. N., Goldschmidt, C., & Schwartz, S. H. (2008). Culture rules: the foundations of the rule of law and other norms of governance. Journal of Comparative Economics, 35(4), 659–688.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightfoot, M. (2011). Promoting the knowledge economy in the Arab world. Institute of Education: London Knowledge Lab.

    Google Scholar 

  • Makinda, S. M. (2007). How Africa can benefit from knowledge. Futures, 39(8), 973–985.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E. (1994). Intellectual property protection, foreign direct investment, and technology transfer. Washington D.C: International Finance Corporation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maskus, E. K. (2000). Intellectual property rights and economic development. Boulder: University of Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maskus, K. E., & Penubarti, M., (1995). How trade related are intellectual property rights? Journal of International Economics, 39(3–4), 227–248.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mensah, S. N., & Benedict, E. (2010). Entrepreneurship training and poverty alleviation: empowering the poor in the eastern free state of South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 1(2), 138–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mijiyawa, A. (2013). Determinants of property rights institutions: survey of literature and new evidence. Economics of Governance, 14(2), 127–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (1981). Structure and change in economic history. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D. C. (1990). Institutions, institutional change, and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, D., Wallis, J., & Weingast, B. (2009). Violence and social order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • North D, Wallis J., Webb S., & Weingast, B., (eds) (2012), In the shadow of violence. Politics, economics, and the problem of development, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge andNew York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nunn, N. (2012). “Culture and the historical process”, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper No. 17869, Cambridge.

  • Oseifuah, E. K. (2010). Financial literacy and youth entrepreneurship in South Africa. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 1(2), 164–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pande, R., & Udry, C. (2006). Institutions and development: a view from below. In R. Blundell, W. K. Newey, & T. Persson (Eds.), Advances in economics and econometrics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peitz, M., & Waelbroeck, P. (2006). Piracy of digital products: a critical review of the theoretical literature. Information Economics and Policy, 18(4), 449–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, R. D. (1993). Making democracy work: civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raul, C., Ilaria, P., & Roberto, R. (2013). “Is there a diffusion of military regimes in Sub-Saharan Africa? Empirical Evidence in the Period 1972-2007” NEPS Working Papers No. 4/2013, Mozzate.

  • Robinson, J. A. (1998). Theories of bad policy. Journal of Policy Reform, 2(1), 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D. (1999). Where did all the growth go? External shocks, social conflict and growth collapses. Journal of Economic Growth, 4(4), 385–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodrik, D., Subramanian, A., & Trebbi, F. (2004). Institutions rule: the primacy of institutions over geography and integration in economic development. Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2), 131–165.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolfe, R. J., & Woodward, D. P. (2004). Attracting foreign investment through privatization: the Zambian experience. Journal of African Business, 5(1), 5–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romer, P. M. (1990). Endogenous growth and technical change. Journal of Political Economy, 98(5), 71–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg, N., & Birdzell, L. E. (1986). How the west grew rich: the economic transformation of the industrial world. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayari, S. (1977). Political patronage in Turkey. In E. Gellner & J. Waterbury (Eds.), Patonsand clients in Mediterranean societies (pp. 103–113). London: Duckworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seyoum, B. (1996). The impact of intellectual property rights on foreign direct investment. Columbia Journal of World Business, 31(1), 50–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shadlen, K., Schrank, A., & Kurtz, M. (2005). The political economy of intellectual property protection: the case of software. International Studies Quarterly, 49(1), 45–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, S., Simpson, R., Mordi, C., & Okafor, C. (2011). Motivation to become an entrepreneur : a study of Nigerian women’s decisions. African Journal of Economic and Management Studies, 2(2), 202–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stulz, R. M., & Williamson, R. (2003). Culture, openness, and finance. Journal of Financial Economics, 70(3), 313–349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchamyou, V. S. (2015). “The role of knowledge economy in African business”, African Governance and Development Institute Working Paper No. 15/049, Yaoundé.

  • Todaro, M. P., & Smith, S. C. (2003) Economic development, 8th ed. Addison Wesley.

  • Tran, M. (2011). “South Korea: a model of development?”, The Guardian, http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/poverty-matters/2011/nov/28/south-korea-development-model (Accessed: 05/07/2014).

  • Tuomi, K. (2011). The role of the investment climate and tax incentives in the foreign direct investment decision: evidence from South Africa. Journal of African Business, 12(1), 133–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varese, F. (1997). The transition to the market and corruption in post-socialist Russia. Political Studies, 45, 579–596.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, R. (1985). The market for public office: why the Indian state is not better at development. World Development, 13, 467–497.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. (1958). The religion of India. Glencoe: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, A. S. (2011). The role of education in knowledge economies in developing countries. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15(2011), 2589–2594.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weyland, K. (1998). The politics of corruption in Latin America. Journal of Democracy, 9(2), 108–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. (2007). “Building knowledge economies. Advanced strategies for development”, World Bank Institute.

  • World Bank (2015). World development indicators. World Bank Publications. http://www.gopa.de/fr/news/world-bank-release-world-development-indicators-2015. Accessed 21 Apr 2015.

  • Yang, G., & Maskus, K. E. (2001). Intellectual property rights, licensing, and innovation in an endogenous product-cycle model. Journal of International Economics, 53(1), 169–187.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are indebted to the editor and referees for constructive comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Simplice A. Asongu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Asongu, S.A., Kodila-Tedika, O. Determinants of Property Rights Protection in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Knowl Econ 9, 1291–1308 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-016-0419-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-016-0419-z

Keywords

JEL Classification

Navigation