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Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced by Acid Hydrolysis from Banana Pseudostem

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Abstract

Synthesis of useful products from waste material improves the process economy and sustainability. Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have unique properties like nanoscale dimensions and excellent mechanical strength. CNCs can be synthesized from Banana pseudostem, the renewable agro-waste. In a two-step process for isolation of CNCs, chemically purified cellulose (CPC) was obtained from raw fibers and CNCs were isolated from CPC by acid hydrolysis method. The effect of chemical treatments on properties of prepared CNCs was investigated. The effect of hydrolysis reaction time on the morphology of cellulose nanocrystals was also studied. It was observed that partial lignin and hemicellulose with other extractives were removed during alkali treatment. FTIR analysis indicated that peaks at 1730 cm−1 and 1250 cm−1 only were present in the spectrum of raw fibers. It indicated the removal of lignin, hemicellulose, and waxes after pre-treatment. The spectrum for treated cellulose indicated that most of the lignin and hemicelluloses were washed out in alkali treatment. Rod-like nanocrystals with average length 500 nm and diameter 80 nm were observed from FE-SEM images. Increase in crystallinity with successive treatments, from raw fibers (18.2%) to CNCs (64.2%), was observed from XRD analysis. CNCs have lower thermal stability than the raw fibers as observed from thermogravimetric analysis. The percentage crystallinity was found to be 18.2% for raw fibers. The diffractogram of raw fibers also indicated increase in % crystallinity value upon alkali treatment (52.4%) and bleaching treatment (62.6%). The hydrodynamic size (Z average) of CNC was 140.3 nm.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Technical Education Quality Improvement Program (TEQIP-III) for providing financial assistance to carry out this work. We also like to thank the University Institute of Chemical Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University Jalgaon, India.

Funding

Funding received from Technical Education Quality Improvement Program (TEQIP-II), Department of Higher Education. MHRD, India, and the reference number for that funding is F.No. 16–14/2016-TS.VII.

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  1. University Institute of Chemical Technology, Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India

    Gaurav Zope & Ajaygiri Goswami

  2. Gharda Institute of Technology, Lavel, Maharashtra, 415708, India

    Sunil Kulkarni

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  1. Gaurav Zope
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Zope, G., Goswami, A. & Kulkarni, S. Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals Produced by Acid Hydrolysis from Banana Pseudostem. BioNanoSci. 12, 463–471 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-022-00960-8

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