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Epidemiological Genetic Study for Novel World Records of Hepatitis B Virus Strains Detected by DNA Sequences in the South of Iraq/Al-Basrah Province

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Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the global and major health problems which possess a serious threat to humans and normally associated with the presence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (i.e. HBsAg small (S) protein particle). The small hepatitis B virus envelope protein S has the intrinsic ability to direct the morphogenesis of spherical 20-nm subviral lipoprotein particles. The DNA sequence analysis of hepatitis B virus surface protein S gene samples was amplified by PCR for 36 blood samples collected from Al-Basrah Province patients. Seven of 36 (19.4%) strains of HBV were identical (100%) to those previously isolated from Italy (1), Iran (3) and India (3), while the other 29 (80.6) strains which closely related with those strains from Sudan (24), India (2), Iran (1), Turkey (1) and Australia (1) were recorded in GenBank as novel strains in the world. In the present study, several point mutations in the sequence of s gene upon over-expression of full-length surface proteins, which may possibly contribute to HBV genome replication. These results suggest that indicated s gene rather than the surface protein was involved in regulation of HBV genome replication and could be developed into a safe and promising adjuvant of HB vaccine. The study investigation indicates that all new strains were closely related (99% identity) with the pervious mentioned global strains.

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Abbreviations

HBV:

hepatitis B virus

HBsAg:

hepatitis B surface antigen

PCR:

polymerase chain reaction

WHO:

World Health Organization

CTL:

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

HBcAg:

hepatitis B core antigen

HBeAg:

hepatitis B e antigen

HBcAb:

hepatitis B core antibody

ORFs:

overlapping open reading frames

ATI:

alternative translation initiation

Gen:

gene

bp:

base pair

SDS:

sodium dodecyl sulphate

EDTA:

ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Researches in Iraq. Also, huge thanks go to the Biology Department and Pathological Analysis Department/College of science, University of Basrah.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathological Analysis, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

    Awatif H. Issa

  2. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

    Hisham F. Mohammad & Munaff J. Abd Al-Abbas

Authors
  1. Awatif H. Issa
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  2. Hisham F. Mohammad
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  3. Munaff J. Abd Al-Abbas
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Contributions

H.F. M. carried out majority of experimental work, specially DNA extraction and PCR amplification, and A.H.I developed the concept and involved in sample preparation and the serological investigation also discussion and writing. M.J.A was involved in all aspects of work, but mostly in sequence data analysis and results writing. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hisham F. Mohammad.

Ethics declarations

Due to the samples collected from human patients, the committee of Ethical Standards of University of Basrah depended for all samples, and all procedures and all participants were agreed to be part of this work and filled written consent form for the current study.

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Issa, A.H., Mohammad, H.F. & Abd Al-Abbas, M.J. Epidemiological Genetic Study for Novel World Records of Hepatitis B Virus Strains Detected by DNA Sequences in the South of Iraq/Al-Basrah Province. BioNanoSci. 11, 454–462 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12668-021-00856-z

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