Abstract
Virtual geographic environment (VGE) aims to express the real-world naturally, and support the complex geographic analysis. The data environment, fundamental of VGE, is expected to support the data management, analysis, sharing and application requirements of the massive complex geographic spatio-temporal data. In this paper, we summarized the key problems in the construction of the data environment of VGE. The unified spatio-temporal data model and a new data structure were developed according to the geographic rules. The organization and compress storage mechanism of massive spatio-temporal data were also developed. With these foundations, case studies, which integrate the global, regional and city scale data to operate complex data modeling and analysis, are performed. The results showed that the construction of the integrated data environment of VGE can largely improve the efficiency of GIS analysis, which also provides a potential new tool to support the complex geographic analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen M, Lin H, Lu GN, He L, Wen YN (2011) A spatial-temporal framework for historical and cultural research on China. Appl Geogr 31(3):1059–1074
Chen M, Lin H, Hu MY, He L, Zhang CX (2013) Real-geographic-scenario-based virtual social environments: integrating geography with social research. Environ Plann B Plann Des 40(6):1103–1121
Du Mouza C, Litwin W, Rigaux P (2009) Large-scale indexing of spatial data in distributed repositories: the SD-Rtree. VLDB J 18(4):933–958
Elber G (2015) The IRIT modeling environment. http://www.cs.technion.ac.il/~irit/
Feng L-Y, Yuan L-W, Luo W, Li R-C, Yu Z-Y (2014) Geometric algebra-based algorithm for solving nodes constrained shortest path. Acta Electron Sin 42(5):846–851
Goodchild MF, Guo H, Annoni A, Bian L, de Bie K, Campbell F, Craglia M, Ehlers M, van Genderen J, Jackson D, Lewis AJ, Pesaresi M, Remetey-Fueloepp G, Simpson R, Skidmore A, Wang C, Woodgate P (2012) Next-generation digital earth. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(28):11088–11094
Groger G, Plumer L (2011) How to achieve consistency for 3D city models. Geoinformatica 15(1):137–165
Hart G, Dolbear C (2013) Linked data: a geographic perspective. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA
Hestenes D (1986) A unified language for mathematics and physics, Clifford algebras and their applications in mathematical physics. Springer, Netherlands, pp 1–23
Hu Z, Tang GA, Lu GN (2014) A new geographical language: a perspective of GIS. J Geogr Sci 24(3):560–576
Lee Y-j (2001) The DR-tree: a main memory data structure for complex multi-dimensional objects. Geoinformatica 5(2):181–207
Lin H, Chen M, Lu GN (2013a) Virtual geographic environment: a workspace for computer-aided geographic experiments. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 103(3):465–482
Lin H, Chen M, Lu GN, Zhu Q, Gong JH, You X, Wen YN, Xu BL, Hu MY (2013b) Virtual geographic environments (vges): a new generation of geographic analysis tool. Earth Sci Rev 126:74–84
Lu GN (2011) Geographic analysis-oriented virtual geographic environment: framework, structure and functions. Sci China Earth Sci 54:733–743
Luo W, Yuan L-W, Yu Z-Y, Yi L, Lu G-N (2012) Adaptive template matching method for convergence and divergence characteristics of multi-dimensional vector fields. Acta Electron Sin 40:1729–1734
Luo W, Yuan L-W, Yu Z-Y, Yi L, Sheng Y-H, Lu G-N (2013a) Geometric algebra-based unified characteristic parameters computation method of multi-dimensional vector field. Syst Eng Theory Pract 33:2390–2396
Luo W, Yuan L, Yi L, Lv G (2013b) Geometric algebra-based multi-criteria constrained maximal flow analysis. Geomat Inf Sci Wuhan Univ 38:862–868
Luo W, Yuan L, Yu Z, Lu G (2013c) Principal tensor-based spatial-temporal structure linkage visualization. J Basic Sci Eng 21:276–286
Miao LZ, Lu GN, Zhang SL (2009) GML parsing technology service and its sharing platform. In: Proceedings of Geoinformatica 2009 CD-ROM. Washington, DC, USA
Pueyo O, Patow G (2014) Structuring urban data. Vis Comput 30(2):159–172
Pultar E, Cova TJ, Yuan M, Goodchild MF (2010) EDGIS: a dynamic GIS based on space time points. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 24(3):329–346
Richardson DB (2013) Space-time integration in GIScience and geography. Ann Assoc Am Geogr 103:1062–1071
Shen JW, Wu MG, Lv GN, Wen YN, Wang X, Zhang HP (2010) Topological relationships calculation for 3D curves data set based on monotone chains. In: Proceedings of Geoinformatica 2010 CD-ROM. Beijing, China
Wang YJ, Wen YN, Lu GN (2006) A metadata-based method for modeling geospatial objects. In: Proceedings of Geoinformatica 2006 CD-ROM. Reston, Virginia, US
Wang Y, Che W, Cao R, Shen J (2008a) An object-oriented spatial data model for virtual geographical environment. In: Proceedings of Sixth International Conference on Advanced Optical Materials and Devices. International Society for Optics and Photonics 2008. pp 71432I-1–71432I-8
Wang YB, Sheng YH, Lu GN, Tian P, Zhang K (2008b) Feature-constrained surface reconstruction approach for point cloud data acquired with 3d laser scanner. Photonics Europe. International Society for Optics and Photonics, 2008, pp 700021-1–700021-12
Wright DJ (2012) Theory and application in a post-GISystems world. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 26(12):2197–2209
Wu M (2013) Hilbert space-filling curve and spatial pattern detection-based spatial partitioning approach to point geospatial data. J Image Gr 18(10):1336–1342
Yu Z, Yuan L, Luo W (2010) Clifford algebra and GIS spatial analysis algorithms—The case study of geographical network and voronoi analysis. In: Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Computer Graphics, Computer Vision and Mathematics, GraVisMa 2010. Vaclav Skala-Union Agency, Brno, pp 155–158
Yu Z-Y, Yuan L-W, Luo W, Hu Y, Lu G-N (2012) Boundary restricted non-overlapping sphere tree for unified multidimensional solid object index. J Softw 23(10):2746–2759
Yuan L, Yu Z, Chen S, Luo W, Wang Y, Lü G (2010) CAUSTA: Clifford algebra-based unified spatio-temporal analysis. Trans GIS 14(S1):59–83
Yuan LW, Yu ZY, Luo W, Zhou LC, Lu GN (2011) A 3D GIS spatial data model based on conformal geometric algebra. Sci China Earth Sci 54(1):101–112
Yuan LW, Lu GN, Luo W, Yu ZY, Yi L, Sheng YH (2012) Geometric algebra method for multidimensionally-unified GIS computation. Chin Sci Bull 57(7):802–811
Yuan LW, Yu ZY, Luo W, Yi L, Lu GN (2013) Geometric algebra for multidimension-unified geographical information system. Adv Appl Clifford Algebras 23(2):497–518
Yuan L, Yu Z, Luo W, Yi L, Lü G (2014a) Multidimensional-unified topological relations computation: a hierarchical geometric algebra-based approach. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 28(12):2435–2455
Yuan L, Yu Z, Luo W, Zhang J, Hu Y (2014b) Clifford algebra method for network expression, computation, and algorithm construction. Math Methods Appl Sci 37(10):1428–1435
Yuan L, Yu Z, Luo W, Hu Y, Feng L, Axing Z (2015) A hierarchical tensor-based approach to compressing, updating and querying geospatial data. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 27(2):312–325
Yue P, Zhou HX, Gong JY, Hu L (2013) Geoprocessing in cloud computing platforms—a comparative analysis. Int J Digit Earth 6(4):404–425
Zhao XS, Hou ML, Sun WB, Yan ZY (2009) A reasoning method of spatial relations on the spherical digital space. In: Proceedings of Geoinformatica 2008 CD-ROM. Guangzhou, China
Zheng B, Lee W-C, Lee KCK, Lee DL, Shao M (2009) A distributed spatial index for error-prone wireless data broadcast. VLDB J 18(4):959–986
Zheng Z, Chen NC, Li PF, Wang W (2013) Integration of hydrological observations into a spatial data infrastructure under a sensor web environment. Int J Digit Earth 6(S2):22–40
Zhou LC, Wang D, Sheng YH, Wang YJ, Li P (2010) Three dimensional boolean operation based on L-Rep model. In: Proceedings of Geoinformatica 2010 CD-ROM. Beijing, China
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the NSCF Project (Grant No. 41231173; 41471319) and the PAPD program. We acknowledge Prof. A-Xing Zhu and Prof. Ming Chen for their helpful comments on our paper.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lü, G., Yu, Z., Zhou, L. et al. Data environment construction for virtual geographic environment. Environ Earth Sci 74, 7003–7013 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4736-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-015-4736-5