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Subsurface flow contribution in the hydrological cycle: lessons learned and challenges ahead—a review

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Abstract

Subsurface flow to maintain base flow and its contribution to high flow is of high significance. The high contribution of subsurface flow to stream flow has usually been determined based on the application of tracers. However, there are some studies that challenge tracer test applications. These studies have shown that tracer test applications lead to a high percentage of subsurface flow contribution because advection and dispersion effects are not individually considered in the mass balance equation. On the other hand, there is yet no broad consensus on the responsible mechanisms that justify high contributions of underground water to river flows. In this paper, we focus on the contribution of subsurface flow to high flows, although a brief description of their role in low flows is included. We discuss different suggested mechanisms, considering their applicability, strengths and inadequacies. In addition, the application of tracer experiments is elaborated. Finally, the challenges of modeling surface/subsurface flow interactions are addressed, followed by a short description of our future targets.

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Acknowledgments

This study was financed by the Competence Center Environment and Sustainability (CCES) of the ETH domain in the framework of the RECORD Catchment (Coupled Ecological, Hydrological and Social Dynamics in Restored and Channelized Corridors of a River at the Catchment Scale) project. In addition, this work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF grant 200021-129735 “Alpine Hydrogeology”). The first author is holding a PhD Scholarship from the Iranian Ministry of Science and Technology. We wish to thank Jana von Freyberg for discussions. We also appreciate the beneficial and timely comments of the reviewers, which improved the consistency and clarity of the paper.

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  1. Water Resources and Drinking Water Department, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland

    Mehdi Ghasemizade & Mario Schirmer

  2. Centre for Hydrogeology and Geothermics (CHYN), University of Neuchatel, Neuchatel, Switzerland

    Mehdi Ghasemizade & Mario Schirmer

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Correspondence to Mehdi Ghasemizade.

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Ghasemizade, M., Schirmer, M. Subsurface flow contribution in the hydrological cycle: lessons learned and challenges ahead—a review. Environ Earth Sci 69, 707–718 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2329-8

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