Abstract
Local anesthetics effectively block and relieve pain, but with a relatively short duration of action, limiting its analgesic effectiveness. Therefore, a long-acting local anesthetic would improve the management of pain, but no such agent is yet available for clinical use. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potentiation of the anesthetic effect of neosaxitoxin, with bupivacaine or epinephrine in a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Ten healthy males were subcutaneously injected into the left and right forearms with a randomized pair of the following treatments: (i) bupivacaine (5 mg); (ii) neosaxitoxin (10 μg); (iii) neosaxitoxin (10 μg) plus bupivacaine (5 mg), and (iv) neosaxitoxin (10 μg) plus epinephrine (1:100.000), but all participant received all four formulations (in 2 ml; s.c.), with 1 month elapsing between the two round of experiments. A validated sensory and pain paradigm was used for evaluating the effect of the treatment 0–72 h after the injections, measuring sensory, pain, and mechanical touch perception threshold. The duration of the effect produced by combined treatments was longer than that by the single drugs. In conclusion, bupivacaine and epinephrine potentiate the local anesthetic effect of neosaxitoxin in humans when co-injected subcutaneously. The present results support the idea that neosaxitoxin is a new long-acting local pain blocker, with highly potential clinical use.
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Abbreviations
- AUC:
-
Area under the curve
- Neo–Bupi:
-
Neosaxitoxin plus bupivacaine
- Neo–Epi:
-
Neosaxitoxin plus epinephrine
- TTX:
-
Tetrodotoxin
- WS:
-
Warm sensation
- HP:
-
Heat pain
- CS:
-
Cold sensation
- CP:
-
Cold pain
- MT:
-
Mechanical touch
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Acknowledgments
The authors acknowledge the support of the Henry Mayer Center, Clinical Hospital University of Chile. Thanks to Mr. Daniel Holt for the final revision of the manuscript. This study was supported by Grant # 162, Research Office, Clinical Hospital, University of Chile and FONDECYT Grants 1070706 and 11080242.
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Rodriguez-Navarro, A.J., Lagos, M., Figueroa, C. et al. Potentiation of Local Anesthetic Activity of Neosaxitoxin with Bupivacaine or Epinephrine: Development of a Long-Acting Pain Blocker. Neurotox Res 16, 408–415 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-009-9092-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-009-9092-3