Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Cytotoxic screening and in vitro effect of sodium chlorite against Leishmania major promastigotes

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Journal of Parasitic Diseases Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. Despite the existence of many therapeutic strategies, the treatment of this infection still faces problems. Sodium chlorite as an antimicrobial agent has been shown to have acceptable tissue regenerative and wound healing properties. Therefore, the present study aimed to analyze the in vitro effects of different concentrations of sodium chlorite on Leishmania major promastigotes and macrophage cells. The inhibitory and toxicity effect of various concentrations (0.0035, − 1.8 mg/ml) of sodium chlorite on the standard Iranian strain of L. major promastigotes were evaluated via counting the cells and flow cytometry. Furthermore, cytotoxicity on promastigotes and J774 macrophage cell line were performed by MTT assay. The results of the inhibitory test demonstrated that sodium chlorite had dose-dependent, anti-leishmanial activities. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for promastigotes and J774 cells by cytotoxicity test was detected at 0.17 mg/ml and 0.08 mg/ml after 48 h respectively. Flow cytometry results showed that 27.34% death of promastigotes was observed in 0.0035 mg/ml of sodium chlorite and 78.12% in 1.8 mg/ml.

The results of the present study showed that sodium chlorite could be used as an effective treatment for CL, especially in cases resistant to treatment with pentavalent compounds. However, the toxicity of this substance in high concentrations should be considered in clinical setting.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The dataset used and/or analyzed during the current study is available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Abbreviations

CL:

Cutaneous leishmaniasis

ZCL:

Zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis

PBS:

Phosphate buffered saline

FCS:

Fetal calf serum

PI:

Propidium iodide

References

  • Abbaszadeh Afshar MJ et al (2018) Canine visceral leishmaniasis; a seroepidemiological survey in Jiroft District, Southern Kerman Province, Southeastern Iran in 2015. Iran J Parasitol 13(1):67–71

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Akilov OE, Khachemoune A, Hasan T (2007) Clinical manifestations and classification of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int J Dermatol 46(2):132–142

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Allende A, McEvoy J, Tao Y, Luo Y (2009) Antimicrobial effect of acidified sodium chlorite, sodium chlorite, sodium hypochlorite, and citric acid on Escherichia coli O157:H7 and natural microflora of fresh-cut cilantro. Food Control 20(3):230–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.05.009

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asgari Q et al (2019) Cutaneous leishmaniasis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Infez Med 27(3):345–349

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bajelan S, Bahreini MS, Asgari Q, Mikaeili F (2020) Viability and infectivity of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites exposed to Butanedione monoxime. J Parasit Dis 44(4):822–828

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Georgiadou SP, Makaritsis KP, Dalekos GN (2015) Leishmaniasis revisited: current aspects on epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment. J Transl Med 3(2):43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hamidizadeh N, Ranjbar S, Asgari Q, Hatam G (2017) The evaluation of quercetin and luteolin efficacy on cutaneous leishmaniasis in mice infected with Leishmania major. J Pharm Negat Results 8(1):43

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hepburn NC (2003) Cutaneous leishmaniasis: an overview. J Postgrad Med 49(1):50

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinz J, Hautzinger H, Stahl K-W (1986) Rationale for and results from a randomised, double-blind trial of tetrachlorodecaoxygen anion complex in wound healing. Lancet 327(8485):825–828

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Inatsu Y, Bari ML, Nei D, Kawasaki S, Kawamoto S (2009) Effectiveness of different sanitizers to control Escherichia coli O157: H7 on tomato surfaces. In: Southeast Asia symposium on quality and safety of fresh and fresh-cut produce vol 875, pp 269–274

  • Jarallah HM (2011) The effect of Sodium chloride and Cephalexin antibiotic on the growth of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani promastigote. J Basrah Res 37(4):71–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Jebran AF et al (2014) Rapid healing of cutaneous leishmaniasis by high-frequency electrocauterization and hydrogel wound care with or without DAC N-055: a randomized controlled phase IIa trial in Kabul. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 8(2):e2694

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei M, Rahnama V, Motazedian MH, Samani SM, Hatam G (2021) In vitro effect of artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) on Leishmania infantum. J Parasit Dis 45(4):964–971

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Khazaei S, Hafshejani AM, Saatchi M, Salehiniya H, Nematollahi S (2015) Epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Arch Clin Infect Dis 10(3):e28511

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim N, Park T, Rhee M-S (2014) Enhanced bactericidal action of acidified sodium chlorite caused by the saturation of reactants. J Appl Microbiol 116(6):1447–1457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kobets T, Grekov I, Lipoldova M (2012) Leishmaniasis: prevention, parasite detection and treatment. Curr Med Chem 19(10):1443–1474

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larouche J, Sheoran S, Maruyama K, Martino MM (2018) Immune regulation of skin wound healing: mechanisms and novel therapeutic targets. Adv Wound Care 7(7):209–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohtasebi S et al (2019) In vitro and in vivo anti-parasitic activity of biogenic antimony sulfide nanoparticles on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). Parasitol Res 118(9):2669–2678. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-019-06382-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Molkara S et al (2019) Salvage therapy with Sodium chlorosum (formerly DAC N-055) for cases of refractory lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis: results from a compassionate use study with 0.09% Sodium chlorosum in amphiphilic basic cream. BMC Infect Dis 19(1):1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Motalleb G, MalekRaeesi H, Mirahmadi H, Kareshk AT, Solgi R (2021) Molecular identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis species using kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) gene in southeast of Iran. Gene Rep 22:101005

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Namaei MH et al (2021) The efficacy of hydroalcoholic extracts of Prosopis farcta against Leishmania major. Turkiye Parazitol Derg 45(1):1–4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okwor I, Uzonna J (2016) Social and economic burden of human leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 94(3):489

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shokri A et al (2017) Antileishmanial activity of Lavandula angustifolia and Rosmarinus officinalis essential oils and nano-emulsions on Leishmania major (MRHO/IR/75/ER). Iran J Parasitol 12(4):622

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl H-C et al (2014) A randomized controlled phase IIb wound healing trial of cutaneous leishmaniasis ulcers with 0.045% pharmaceutical chlorite (DAC N-055) with and without bipolar high frequency electro-cauterization versus intralesional antimony in Afghanistan. BMC Infect Dis 14(1):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stahl K, Sakhayeee I (2011) Lupoid cutaneous leishmaniasis in Afghanistan treated with 0045% DAC N-055. BMC Proc 5(6):247

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tashakori M, AzhdarI S, Kariminia A, Ali MM, Mahboudi F (2003) Characterization of Leishmania species and L. major strains in different endemic areas of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Iran. Iran Biomed J 7(2):43–50

    Google Scholar 

  • Teimouri A, Mohebali M, Kazemirad E, Hajjaran H (2018) Molecular identification of agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis and canine visceral leishmaniasis in different areas of iran using internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR-RFLP. J Arthropod Borne Dis 12(2):162–171

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Tiuman TS, Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Nakamura CV (2011) Recent advances in leishmaniasis treatment. Int J Infect Dis 15(8):e525–e532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2011.03.021

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yanik M, Gurel M, Simsek Z, Kati M (2004) The psychological impact of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Clin Exp Dermatol 29(5):464–467

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author would like to thank Ms. A. Keivanshekouh at the Research Consultation Center (RCC) of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences for improving the use of English in the manuscript.

Funding

This study was extracted from a PhD thesis submitted by Amir Reaz Yazdi and funded by the Deputy of Research and Technology of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran (grant No. 19875).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Mohammad Saleh Bahreini, Marjan Motamedi & Fattaneh Mikaeili

  2. Dermatology Department, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Amir Reza Yazdi & Farideh Jowkar

  3. Molecular Dermatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

    Farideh Jowkar

Authors
  1. Mohammad Saleh Bahreini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Amir Reza Yazdi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farideh Jowkar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Marjan Motamedi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Fattaneh Mikaeili
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marjan Motamedi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bahreini, M.S., Yazdi, A.R., Jowkar, F. et al. Cytotoxic screening and in vitro effect of sodium chlorite against Leishmania major promastigotes. J Parasit Dis 46, 945–951 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-022-01511-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-022-01511-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation