Abstract
According to previous studies in Lorestan Province, western Iran on human fascioliasis, we aimed to understand the epidemiology of the disease and to identify the cases in rural and nomad regions of this province. The studied population was a rural and nomadic population of nine districts of Lorestan province, of which 1053 were selected according to the population of each studied county based on random sampling in 2016–2017. Initially, a questionnaire was completed for each person, including age, gender, education, occupation, use of local native aquatic plants and history of travel to the northern provinces of the country where fasciolosis has been reported mostly. Then, 5 ml blood samples were taken and the samples were evaluated as for anti-Fasciola specific antibodies using ELISA technique. Overall, 1053 individuals were participated, of which 28 (2.66%) were infected with fasciolosis and 18 positive cases were female. The highest infection rate was in the age group of 20–29 years (23%) followed by 30–39 years of age (22%). There was no significant difference between the rate of infection in terms of gender (P = 0.89), age (P = 0.15), travel history to the northern provinces of the country (P = 0.089), history of aquatic plant consumption called Balmak natively (P = 0.48), history of surface water consumption (springs, streams) (P = 0.18), and occupation (P = 0.43). Considering the results of current and previous studies it seems that the disease in the Lorestan province is expanding and new foci in different parts of the province are formed or are being formed. Therefore, the preventive measures, control and treatment should be taken in areas with parasites transmission.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdi J, Naserifar R, Rostami Nejad M et al (2013) New features of fascioliasis in human and animal infections in Ilam Province, western Iran. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 6(3):152–155
Amor N, Halajian A, Farjallah S, Merella P, Said K, Ben Slimane B (2011) Molecular characterization of Fasciola spp. from the endemic area of northern Iran based on nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences. Exp Parasitol 128:196–204
Asadian S, Mohebali M, Mahmoudi M, Eshrat Beigom KIA, Heidari Z, Asgari M, Aryaeipour M, Moradi S, Rokni MB (2013) Seroprevalence of human fascioliasis in Meshkin-Shahr District, Ardabil Province, northwestern Iran in 2012. Iran J Parasitol 8(4):516–521
Ashrafi K (2015) The status of human and animal fascioliasis in Iran: a narrative review article. Iran J Parasitol 10(3):306–328
Ashrafi K, Saadat F, O’Neill S, Rahmati B, Amin Tahmasbi H, Pius Dalton J, Nadim A, Asadinezhad M, Rezvani SM (2015) The endemicity of human fascioliasis in Guilan Province, Northern Iran: the baseline for implementation of control strategies. Iran J Pub Heal 44(4):501–511
Asmar M, Milaninia A, Amir-Khani A, Yadegari D, Forghan-Parast K, Nahrava-nian H, Piazak N, Esmaeili A, Hovanesian A, Valadkhani Z (1991) Seroepidemiological investigation of fascioliasis in northern Iran. Med J Islamic Rep Iran 5(1–2):23–27
Esteban JG, Flores A, Aguirre C et al (1997) Presence of very high prevalence and intensity of infection with Fasciola hepatica among aymara children from the northern Bolivian Altiplano. Act Trop 66(1):1–14
Esteban JG, Gonzalez C, Curtale F, Munoz-Antoli C, Valero MA, Bargues MD, El Sayed M, El Wakeel A, Abdel-Wahab Y, Montresor A, Engels D, Savioli L, Mas-Coma S (2003) Hyperendemic fascioliasis associ-ated with schistosomiasis in villages in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69(4):429–437
Forghan PK, Yadegari D, Asmar M (2015) Study of clinical epidemiology of fascioliasis in Guilan. Iran J Pub Heal 44(4):501–511
Forghan-Parast K, Yadegari D, Asmar M (1993) Clinical epidemiology of human fascioliasis in Gilan. J Guilan Uni Med Sci 2:6–7 (in Persian)
Hatami H, Asmar M, Masoud J et al (2012) The first epidemic and new-emerging human fascioliasis in Kermanshah (western Iran) and a ten-year follow up, 1998–2008. Int J Pre Med 3(4):266–272
Heydarian P, Ashrafi K, Mohebali M, Eshrat Beigom KIA, Aryaeipour M, Chegeni Sharafi A, Mokhayeri H, Bozorgomid A, Rokni MB (2017) Seroprevalence of human fasciolosis in Lorestan province, western Iran, in 2015–2016. Iran J Parasitol 12(3):389–397
Hurtrez-boussès S (2001) Dynamics of host–parasite interactions: the example of population biology of the liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica). Microb Inf 3:841–849
Kaplan MA, Kuk SA, Kalkan AB, Demirdaǧ KB, Özdarendeli AC (2002) Investigation of Fasciola hepatica seroprevalence in Elazig Region. Mikrobiyoloji Bulteni 36(3–4):337–342
Kheirandish F, Kayedi MH, Ezatpour B, Anbari K, Karimi Rouzbahani HR, Chegeni Sharafi A, Zendehdel A, Bizhani N, Rokni MB (2016) Seroprevalence of human fasciolosis in Pirabad, Lorestan Province, western Iran. Iran J Parasitol 11(1):24–29
Manouchehri Naeini K, Mohammad Nasiri K, Rokni MB, Kheiri S (2016) Seroprevalence of human fascioliasis in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiyari province, southwestern Iran. Iran J Pub Heal 45(6):774–780
Mas-Coma S (2005) Epidemiology of fascioliasis in human endemic areas. J Helm 79(3):207–216
Mas-Coma S, Valero MA, Bargues MD (2009) Fasciola, lymnaeids and human fascioliasis, with a global overview on disease transmission, epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, molecular epidemiology and control. Adv Parasitol 69:41–146
Massoud J (1989) Fascioliasis outbreak in man and drug test (Triclabendazole) in Caspian Sea Littoral, Northern part of Iran. Bull Soc France Parasitol 8(S1):438–439
Moghaddam AS, Massoud J, Mahmoodi MA, Mahvi AH, Periago MV, Artigas P, Fuentes MV, Bargues MD, Mas-Coma S (2004) Human and animal fascioliasis in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran. Parasito Res 94(1):61–69
Nyindo M, Lukambagire AH (2015) Fascioliasis: an ongoing zoonotic trematode infection. Biomed Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/78619
O’Neill SM, Parkinson M, Strauss W, Angles R, Dalton JP (1998) Immunodiagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection (fascioliasis) in a human population in the Bolivian Altiplano using purified cathepsin l cysteine proteinase. Am J Trop Med Hyg 58(4):417–423
Parhizgari N, Gouya MM, Mostafavi E (2017) Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases in Iran. Iran J Microbiol 9(3):122–142
Rokni MB, Massoud J, O’Neill SM, Parkinson M, Dalton JP (2002) Diagnosis of human fasciolosis in the Gilan province of northern Iran: application of cathepsin l-ELISA. Diagnostic Microbiol Infect Dis 44(2):175–179
Rokni MB, Lotfy WM, Ashrafi K, Murrell KD (2014) Fasciolosis in the MENA Region. In: Neglected tropical diseases-Middle East and North Africa. Springer, Vienna, pp 59–90
Saberinasab M, Mohebali M, Molawi G, Eshrat Beigom KIA, Aryaeipour M, Rokni MB (2014) Seroprevalence of human fascioliasis using indirect ELISA in Isfahan district, central Iran in 2013. Iran J Parasitol 9(4):461–465
Sabourin E, Alda P, Vazquez A, Hurtrez-Bousses S, Vittecoq M (2018) Impact of human activities on fasciolosis transmission. Trends Parasitol 34(10):891–903
Sabzvarinezjad G (2007) Prevalence of zoonotic liver trematodes in slaughtered animals in Khoramabad slaughterehouse. J Lorestan Univ Med Sci 6(22):51–54 [In Persian]
Salahi MA (2009) Epidemiology of human fascioliasis in Iran. J Arch Military Med 1(1):6–12
Salahimoghaddam A, Pedram M, Fathi A (2009) Epidemiology of human fasciolosis in Iran. J Kerman Uni Med Sci 16(4):358–398
Sarkari B, Ghobakhloo N, Moshfea AA, Eilami O (2012) Seroprevalence of human fasciolosis in a new-emerging focus of fasciolosis in Yasuj district, southwest of Iran. Iran J Parasitol 7(2):15–20
Valero MA, Perez-Cresgo I, Periago MV, Khoubbane M, Mas-Coma S (2009) Fluke egg characteristics for the diagnosis of human and animal fascioliasis by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Act Trop 111(2):150–159
World Health Organization (2007) The “ne-glected” neglected worms. Action against Worms. WHO Rep 10:1–8
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the Infectious Diseases Management Center of Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Department of Water and Food-Transmitted Diseases of Ministry of Health, who supported the project financially, in addition, the Parasitology Department, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, who carried out the experiments on project samples.
Funding
The present study was funded by the Infectious Diseases Management Center of Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Department of Water and Food-Transmitted Diseases of Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
BE, MBR, FK and MHK proposed and designed the study. HM, MM and AM collaborated in field work and sample collection. MBR, HM, AM and MM help in technical and laboratory work. BE, FK and MHK collaborated in statistical analysis. HM and MHK wrote the manuscript. BE, MBR, FK, MM and AM revised the manuscript. All the authors approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Informed consent
All the necessary explanations were provided to the subjects who signed a written consent form. About the children, the written consent form was signed by their parents after providing the explanations. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eshrati, B., Mokhayeri, H., Rokni, M.B. et al. Seroepidemiology of human fascioliasis in rural and nomad areas of Lorestan Province, western Iran, in 2016 and 2017. J Parasit Dis 44, 806–812 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01255-z
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01255-z