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An insight from the sea: provenance studies on Roman lead artefacts from the Arade River, Portimão (Portugal)

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Abstract

In the present study, 37 lead artefacts were characterised to identify possible lead sources allowing to establish trade fluxes concerning food and textile products during Roman times. These artefacts were uncovered by dredging works at the Arade River estuary (Portimão). The city of Portimão (Lusitania province) was an important harbour, where several fish-processing factories were installed, and Arade River provides major access to the hinterland, both displaying an important commercial activity during the Late Antiquity. The methodology includes the typological and chemical (elemental and Pb isotopes) characterisation of artefacts. Samples were divided into the following: (i) rectangular plaques with decorations in relief such as tridents, fishes, or palms leaf, an iconography known to be displayed in some African amphora handles; (ii) small plaques with one perforation and incised Roman numerals, probably related with textile products; and (iii) fishing net weights, smooth plaques of unknown functionality, and a small rectangular prismatic plaque, perhaps an ingot. Elemental analysis was performed by ICP-MS, and results were interpreted by multivariate statistical analysis, which suggested different processes to obtain raw materials, namely lead obtained by the reduction of litharge or smelting of silver-poor galena. Cluster analysis grouped most of samples with motif depictions, which were further analysed by MC-ICP-MS to determine Pb isotope ratios. The possible sources of lead were identified by combining archaeological data with the nearest Euclidean neighbours using a large database comprising the Iberian Peninsula and Mediterranean region. The Pb isotope signatures suggested lead sources located not only in the Iberian Peninsula but also in North Africa, evidencing a long-distance trade between those Roman provinces.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to the technical and human support provided by SGIker (UPV/EHU/ERDF, EU).

Funding

This work has been supported by the UID/04349/2020 project and RNEM–Mass Spectrometry Network (Lisboa-01-0145-FEDER-402-022125).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C2TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal

    Susana Sousa Gomes, Pedro Valério, António Monge Soares & Maria Fátima Araújo

  2. Departamento de Engenharia e Ciências Nucleares, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Campus Tecnológico e Nuclear, Estrada Nacional 10 (km 139,7), 2695-066, Bobadela, LRS, Portugal

    Pedro Valério & Maria Fátima Araújo

  3. Museu de Portimão/Câmara Municipal de Portimão, R. D. Carlos I, 8500-607, Portimão, Portugal

    Vera Teixeira de Freitas

  4. Centro de Arqueologia da Universidade de Lisboa (Uniarq), Faculdade de Letras, Alameda da Universidade, 1600-214, Lisboa, Portugal

    Carlos Fabião

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Susana Sousa Gomes contributed to the conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation and first draft of the manuscript; Vera Teixeira de Freitas contributed to the archaeological work, investigation, artefacts drawing and resources; Carlos Fabião contributed to the archaeological investigation and resources; Pedro Valério contributed to investigation, formal analysis and design; António M. Monge Soares contributed to investigation and conceptualization and Maria Fátima Araújo contributed to conceptualization, validation, formal analysis, investigation and resources. All authors reviewed and approved the final manuscript.

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Gomes, S.S., Valério, P., de Freitas, V.T. et al. An insight from the sea: provenance studies on Roman lead artefacts from the Arade River, Portimão (Portugal). Archaeol Anthropol Sci 15, 171 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-023-01878-2

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