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The wet and the dry, the wild and the cultivated: subsistence and risk management in ancient Central Thailand

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Abstract

Increasing the productivity and yield of rice in Central Thailand has been a key focus of international and local government policy. Efforts have centered around producing a second winter season of irrigated rice. However, a series of droughts in the region have led to widespread crop failure. We carry out a re-evaluation of weather station and environmental data and combine this with new information from a key archeological site in Central Thailand, Phromthin Tai, whose occupation covers a long and critical period of Thai prehistory. Based on these data, we argue that farmers in the area employed an adaptive and resilient agricultural and wild-plant-food-based subsistence system that was adapted to the region’s high variability in rainfall. This subsistence system bridged the divide between the wild and cultivated and between wet and dry farming. The temporal and spatial diversity inherent in this system makes it vulnerable to destruction by agricultural policies that focus singly on improving yields.

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Acknowledgements

Thanik Lertcharnrit is grateful to the support from the Thailand-United States Educational Foundation and the Fulbright foundation which supported a research visit to Washington State University. We thank the staff of the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit at the University of Oxford for their careful laboratory work. We are grateful to the comments from two anonymous reviewers whose detailed comments helped improve this manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropology, University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, San Diego, CA, USA

    Jade d’Alpoim Guedes

  2. Department of Anthropology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

    Sydney Hanson

  3. Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

    Charles Higham

  4. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit, RLAHA, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK

    Tom Higham

  5. Department of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok, Thailand

    Thanik Lertcharnrit

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  1. Jade d’Alpoim Guedes
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Correspondence to Jade d’Alpoim Guedes.

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Table S1

Uncalibrated Radiocarbon Dates of charred Oryza sp. seeds and analytical data. PCode describes the chemical pretreatment applied to prepare the samples for AMS dating; ZR denotes the use of acid-base-acid preparation, whilst RR refers to a modified version without the base and including ultrasonication in UP water. Yields refer to the amount of insoluble residue following chemistry. %C is the amount of carbon remaining after combustion on the elemental analyser before graphitisation. Radiocarbon dates are calculated after Stuiver and Polach (1977). (DOCX 85 kb)

Table S2

Total counts and finds of archaeobotanical material derived from the site. (XLSX 21 kb)

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d’Alpoim Guedes, J., Hanson, S., Higham, C. et al. The wet and the dry, the wild and the cultivated: subsistence and risk management in ancient Central Thailand. Archaeol Anthropol Sci 11, 6473–6484 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12520-019-00794-8

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