Abstract
Groundwater is a major source for domestic and agricultural uses in Natham Taluk, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. The intention of this study is to determine the quality of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes in the hard rock region. Totally, 37 samples were collected and analysed for physical parameters that are pH, EC, TDS, TH, major cations and anions. Piper diagram shows that Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl is the most prominent type of water. Gibbs diagram reveals that the higher concentrations of magnesium, sodium and potassium ions are accredited to geological sources such as rock-water interaction, ion exchange process and evaporation that are the major factors affecting the nature of groundwater. In view of irrigation indices, most of the sample locations are fit for irrigation use except magnesium hazard value. Additional statistical analysis, such as correlation and principal component analysis, was calculated using SPSS software. All results are indicated; weathering, rock-water interactions and anthropogenic activities are a significant factor that alters the existence of groundwater in the research area.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Aghazadeh N, Chitsazan M, Golestan Y (2017) Hydrochemistry and quality assessment of groundwater in the Ardabil area, Iran. Appl Water Sci 7:3599–3616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0498-9
Ahada CP, Suthar S (2017) Hydrochemistry of groundwater in North Rajasthan, India: chemical and multivariate analysis. Environ Earth Sci 76(5):203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6496-x
Alamdar R, Kumar V, Moghtaderi T, Naghibi SJ (2019) Groundwater quality evaluation of Shiraz City, Iran using multivariate and geostatistical techniques. SN Appl Sci 1(11):1367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1108-x
Amanuel G (2018) Geospatial distribution modeling and determining suitability of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose using geospatial methods and water quality index (WQI) in Northern Ethiopia. Appl Water Sci 8(3):82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0722-x
APHA (1985) Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater. 16th Edition, American Public Health Association, Washington DC
APHA (1999) American Public Health Association, Standard method for examination of water and waste water, 17th edn. APHA, Washington, DC
Aravindan S, Shankar K (2011a) Trace element concentration mapping in groundwater of Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu using Geospatial Technique. J Appl Geochem 54-67.
Aravindan S, Shankar K (2011b) Ground Water Quality Maps of Paravanar River Sub Basin, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 39(4):565–558. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-011-0152-9
Aravindan S, Shankar K (2011c) Groundwater Quality in Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India, Gondwana. Geol Mag 26(2):139–146
Aravindan S, Shankar K, Ganesh BP, Rajan KD (2010) Hydrogeochemical mapping of in the hard rock area of Gadilam River basin, using GIS technique, Tamil Nadu. Indian J Appl Geochem 12(2):209–216
Aravindan S, Shankar K, Mini SS (2011) Integrated geohydrological studies in the sedimentary part of Gadilam River Basin, Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu. Asian J Earth Sci 4:183–192. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajes.2011.183.192
Balamurugan P, Kumar PS, Shankar K (2020a) Dataset on the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Sarabanga River region, Tamil Nadu, India. Data Brief 29:105255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105255
Balamurugan P, Kumar PS, Shankar K, Nagavinothini R, Vijayasurya K (2020b) Non-carcinogenic risk assessment of groundwater in Southern Part of Salem District in Tamilnadu, India. J Chil Chem Soc 65(1):4697–4707. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0717-97072020000104697
BIS (2012) Bureau of Indian standard specification for drinking water. IS: 10500, pp 1–5
Brhane GK (2018) Characterization of hydro chemistry and groundwater quality evaluation for drinking purpose in Adigrat area, Tigray, northern Ethiopia. Water Sci 32(2):213–229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2018.09.003
Cerar S, Urbanc J (2013) Carbonate chemistry and isotope characteristics of groundwater of Ljubljansko polje and Ljubljansko Barje aquifers in Slovenia. Sci World J 2013:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/948394
Chen J, Wu H, Qian H (2016) Groundwater nitrate contamination and associated health risk for the rural communities in an agricultural area of Ningxia, northwest China. Expos Health 8(3):349–359. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-016-0208-8
Chidambaram S, Bala Krishna Prasad M, Manivannan R, Karmegam U, Singaraja C, Anandhan P, Prasanna MV, Manikandan S (2012) Environmental hydrogeochemistry and genesis of fluoride in groundwaters of Dindigul district, Tamilnadu (India). Environ Earth Sci 68(2):333–342. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1741-9
Colins Johnny J, Sashikkumar MC, Kirubakaran M, Madhu Mathi L (2018) GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and irrigation purpose in a hard rock terrain: a case study in the upper Kodaganar basin, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. 102:49-60. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.21774
CPCB (2008) Guideline for water quality management. Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi. www.cpcb.nic.in
Duan L, Wang B, Heck K, Guo S, Clark CA, Arredondo J et al (2020) Efficient photocatalytic PFOA degradation over boron nitride. Environ Sci Technol Lett. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00434
Edward Raja C (2020) Assessment of physicochemical characteristics of groundwater collected from different taluks, Dindigul district, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Res Technol 3(1):1–7. https://doi.org/10.35208/ert.658910
Egbueri JC (2020) Groundwater quality assessment using pollution index of groundwater (PIG), ecological risk index (ERI) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA): a case study. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100292
El Alfy M, Lashin A, Al-Arifi N, Al-Bassam A (2015) Groundwater characteristics and pollution assessment using integrated hydrochemical investigations GIS and multivariate geostatistical techniques in arid areas. Water Resour Manag 29(15):5593–5612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-015-1136-2
Elias WC, Heck KN, Guo S, Yazdi S, Ayala C, Grossweiler SS, Wong MS (2020) Indium-decorated Pd nanocubes degrade nitrate anions rapidly. Appl Catal B Environ:119048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2020.119048
Fatemah Eslami, Yaghmaeian K, Mohammadi A, Salari M, Faraji M (2019) An integrated evaluation of groundwater quality using drinking water quality indices and hydrochemical characteristics: a case study in Jiroft, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 78(10):314. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-019-8321-1
Fayaji I, Sayadi MH, Mousazadeh H (2019) Potable groundwater analysis using multivariate Groundwater Quality Index technique. Global J Environ Sci Manag 5(3):357–370. https://doi.org/10.22034/GJESM.2019.03.08
Guo S, Heck K, Kasiraju S, Qian H, Zhao Z, Grabow LC, Wong MS (2018) Insights into nitrate reduction over indium-decorated palladium nanoparticle catalysts. ACS Catal 8(1):503–515. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.7b01371
Hei L, Bouchaou L, Tadoumant S, Reichert B (2020) Index-based groundwater vulnerability and water quality assessment in the arid region of Tata city (Morocco). Groundw Sustain Dev:100344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100344
Ibrahim RGM, Korany EA, Tempel RN, Gomaa MA (2019) Processes of water–rock interactions and their impacts upon the groundwater composition in Assiut area, Egypt: applications of hydrogeochemical and multivariate analysis. J Afr Earth Sci 149:72–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.07.026
Iqbal N, Hossain F, Lee H, Akhter G (2017) Integrated groundwater resource management in Indus Basin using satellite gravimetry and physical modeling tools. Environ Monit Assess 189(3):128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-5846-1
Jang CS, Chen CF, Liang CP, Chen JS (2016) Combining groundwater quality analysis and a numerical flow simulation for spatially establishing utilization strategies for groundwater and surface water in the Pingtung Plain. J Hydrol 533:541–556. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2015.12.023
Jeong CH (2001) Effect of land use and urbanization on hydrochemistry and contamination of groundwater from Taejon area, Korea. J Hydrol 253(1):194–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-1694(01)00481-4
Jesudhas CJ, Chidambaram SM, Muniraj K (2017) Isolation of wells contaminated by tannery industries using principal component analysis. Arab J Geosci 10(14):304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-017-3092-z
Kavitha MT, Divahar R, Meenambal T, Shankar K, VijaySingh R, Haile TD, Gadafa C (2019a) Dataset on the assessment of water quality of surface water in Kalingarayan Canal for heavy metal pollution, Tamil Nadu. Data Brief 22:878–884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2019.01.010
Kavitha MT, Shankar K, Divahar R, Meenambal T, Saravanan R (2019b) Impact of industrial wastewater disposal on surface water bodies in Kalingarayan canal, Erode district, Tamil Nadu, India. Arch Agric Environ Sci 4(4):379–387. https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2019.040403
Kawo NS, Shankar K (2018) Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and GIS technique in Modjo River Basin, Central Ethiopia. J Afr Earth Sci 147:300–311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.034
Kelly WP (1940) Permissible composition and concentration of irrigated waters. In: Proceedings of the A.S.C.F, 607
Kelly WP (1963) Use of saline irrigation water. Soil Sci 95(4):355–391
Khalid S (2019) An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches. J Geochem Explor 197:14–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.11.007
Kirubakaran M, Johnny JC, Samson S (2018) MODFLOW based groundwater budgeting using GIS: a case study from Tirunelveli Taluk, Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu, India. J Indian Soc Remote Sens 46(5):783–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12524-018-0761-7
Krishnakumar P, Lakshumanan C, Kishore VP, Sundararajan M, Santhiya G, Chidambaram S (2014) Assessment of groundwater quality in and around Vedaraniyam, South India. Environ Earth Sci 71(5):2211–2225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-013-2626-2
Kumar PS, Balamurugan P (2018) Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation purpose in attur taluk, Salem, Tamilnadu, India. Water Energy Int 61(4):59–64
Kumar PS, Balamurugan P (2019) Suitability of ground water for irrigation purpose in Omalur Taluk, Salem, Tamil Nadu, India. Indian J Ecol 46(1):1–6
Lanjwani MF, Khuhawar MY, Khuhawar TMJ (2020) Groundwater quality assessment of Shahdadkot, Qubo Saeed Khan and Sijawal Junejo Talukas of District Qambar Shahdadkot, Sindh. Appl Water Sci 10(1):26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1098-2
Li JX, Wang YX, Xie XJ, Su CL (2012) Hierarchical cluster analysis of arsenic and fluoride enrichments in groundwater from the Datong basin, Northern China. J Geochem Explor 118:77–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2012.05.002
Li H, Guo S, Shin K, Wong MS, Henkelman G (2019a) Design of a Pd–Au nitrite reduction catalyst by identifying and optimizing active ensembles. ACS Catal 9(9):7957–7966. https://doi.org/10.1021/acscatal.9b02182
Li P, Tian R, Liu R (2019b) Solute geochemistry and multivariate analysis of water quality in the Guohua phosphorite mine, Guizhou Province, China. Expos Health 11(2):81–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-018-0277-y
Magesh NS, Elango L (2019) Spatio-temporal variations of fluoride in the groundwater of Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India: a comparative assessment using two interpolation techniques. GIS Geostat Techn Groundwater Sci:283–296. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815413-7.00020-1
Magesh NS, Krishnakumar S, Chandrasekar N, Soundranayagam JP (2013) Groundwater quality assessment using WQI and GIS techniques, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. Arab J Geosci 6:4179–4189. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-012-0673-8
Modibo Sidibé A, Lin X, Koné S (2019) Assessing groundwater mineralization process, quality, and isotopic recharge origin in the Sahel Region in Africa. Water 11(4):789. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11040789
Mostaza-Colado D, Carreño-Conde F, Rasines-Ladero R, Iepure S (2018) Hydrogeochemical characterization of a shallow alluvial aquifer: 1 baseline for groundwater quality assessment and resource management. Sci Total Environ 639:1110–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.236
Mukate S, Wagh V, Panaskar D, Jacobs JA, Sawant A (2019) Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecol Indic 101:348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034
Ramachandran M, Sabarathinam C, Ulaganthan K, Paluchamy A, Sivaji M, Hameed S (2010) Mapping of fluoride ions in groundwater of Dindigul district, Tamilnadu, India—using GIS technique. Arab J Geosci 5(3):433–439. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-010-0216-0
Rostami AA, Isazadeh M, Shahabi M, Nozari H (2019) Evaluation of geostatistical techniques and their hybrid in modelling of groundwater quality index in the Marand Plain in Iran. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26(34):34993–35009. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06591-z
Rotiroti M, Zanotti C, Fumagalli L, Taviani S, Stefania GA, Patelli M, … Leoni B (2019) Multivariate statistical analysis supporting the hydrochemical characterization of groundwater and surface water: a case study in northern Italy. Rend Online Soc Geol Ital, 47:90-96
Sajil Kumar PJ, James EJ (2016) Identification of hydrogeochemical processes in the Coimbatore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Hydrol Sci J 61(4):719–731. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2015.1022551
Saleem HA, Alharbi MO, Subyani AM (2020) Hydrochemical assessment of groundwater within the lower Wadi Ranyah, Western Saudi Arabia using multivariate statistical technique. In Arabian Plate and Surroundings: Geology, Sedimentary Basins and Georesources (pp. 249-257). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21874-4_10
Samahajira S, Annal CF (2017) Evaluation of groundwater quality for block of Dindigul distr. Evaluation 6(5):34–39
Sarfo AK, Shankar K (2020) Application of geospatial technologies in the COVID-19 fight of Ghana. Transact Indian Nat Acad Eng 5:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41403-020-00145-3
Selvam S (2015) A preliminary investigation of lithogenic and anthropogenic influence over fluoride ion chemistry in the groundwater of the southern coastal city, Tamilnadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 187:106. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4326-8
Selvam S, Iruthaya Jeba Dhana Mala R, Muthukakshmi V (2013a) A hydrochemical analysis and evaluation of groundwater quality index in Thoothukudi district, Tamilnadu, South India. Int J Adv Eng Appl 2(3):25–37
Selvam S, Manimaran G, Sivasubramanian P (2013b) Hydrochemical characteristics and GIS-based assessment of groundwater quality in the coastal aquifers of Tuticorin Corporation, Tamilnadu, India. Appl Water Sci 3(1):145–159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-012-0068-8
Selvam S, Venkatramanan S, Chung SY, Singaraja C (2016) Identification of groundwater contamination sources in Dindugal district of Tamil Nadu, India using GIS and multivariate statistical analyses. Arab J Geosci 9(5):407. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2417-7
Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2010) GIS based groundwater quality mapping in Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Int J Geomat Geosci 1(3):282–296
Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011a) Hydrogeochemistry of the Paravanar river sub-basin, Cuddalore District, Tamilnadu, India. E-J Chem 8(2):835–845. https://doi.org/10.1155/2011/107261
Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011b) Spatial distribution of groundwater quality in Paravanar river sub basin, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. Int J Geomat Geosci 1(4):914–931
Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011c) Assessment of ground water quality in Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Adv Appl Sci Res 2(5):92–103
Shankar K, Aravindan S, Rajendran S (2011d) Hydrochemical profile for assessing the groundwater quality of Paravanar River Sub-Basin, Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu, India. Curr World Environ 6(1):45–52. https://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.6.1.05
Singh G, Rishi MS, Herojeet R, Kaur L, Sharma K (2020) Multivariate analysis and geochemical signatures of groundwater in the agricultural dominated taluks of Jalandhar district, Punjab, India. J Geochem Explor 208:106395
Soujanya Kamble B, Saxena PR, Kurakalva RM, Shankar K (2020) Evaluation of seasonal and temporal variations of groundwater quality around Jawaharnagar municipal solid waste dumpsite of Hyderabad city, India. SN Appl Sci 2:498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2199-0
Stefania GA, Rotiroti M, Buerge IJ, Zanotti C, Nava V, Leoni B, Bonomi T (2019) Identification of groundwater pollution sources in a landfill site using artificial sweeteners, multivariate analysis and transport modeling. Waste Manag 95:116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2019.06.010
USSL., (US Salinity Laboratory) (1954) Diagnosis and improvement of salinity and alkaline soil. USDA Hand Book no. 60, Washington.
Venkateswaran S, Karuppannan S, Shankar K (2012) Groundwater quality in Pambar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India using GIS. Int J Recent Sci Res 3(10):782–787
Venkatramanan S, Ramkumar T, Anithamary I (2012) A statistical approach on hydrogeochemistry of groundwater in Muthupet coastal region, Tamil Nadu, India. Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci 7:47–54
Venkatramanan S, Chung SY, Ramkumar T, Rajesh R, Gnanachandrasamy G (2015) Assessment of groundwater quality using GIS and CCME WQI techniques: a case study of Thiruthuraipoondi city in Cauvery deltaic region, Tamil Nadu, India. Desalin Water Treat:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2015.1048740
Vetrimurugan E, Nwabisa DP, Rajmohan N (2019) Evaluation of high fluoride contaminated fractured rock aquifer in South Africa–Geochemical and chemometric approaches. Chemosphere 235:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.065
Wagh VM, Panaskar DB, Varade AM, Mukate SV, Gaikwad SK, Pawar RS, Muley AA, Aamalawar ML (2016) Major ion chemistry and quality assessment of the groundwater resources of Nanded tehsil, a part of southeast Deccan Volcanic Province, Maharashtra, India. Environ Earth Sci 75(21):1418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-016-6212-2
Wagh VM, Panaskar DB, Jacobs JA, Mukate SV, Muley AA, Kadam AK (2019a) Influence of hydro-geochemical processes on groundwater quality through geostatistical techniques in Kadava River basin, Western India. Arab J Geosci 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-018-4136-8
Wagh VM, Mukate SV, Panaskar DB, Muley AA, Sahu UL (2019b) Study of groundwater hydrochemistry and drinking suitability through Water Quality Index (WQI) modelling in Kadava river basin, India. SN Appl Sci 1(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1268-8
WHO (2011) Guidelines for drinking water quality: Fourth Edition incorporating the First Addendum. World Health Organization, Geneva
Wilcox LV (1955) Classification and use of irrigation waters. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Circ, Washington, DC, p 969
Wu, J., Li, P., Wang, D., Ren, X., & Wei, M. (2019). Statistical and multivariate statistical techniques to trace the sources and affecting factors of groundwater pollution in a rapidly growing city on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1594156
Zilberbrand M, Rosenthal E, Shachnai E (2001) Impact of urbanization on hydrochemical evolution of groundwater and unsaturated-area gas composition in the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel. J Contam Hydrol 50:175–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-7722(01)00118-8
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
This article is part of the Topical Collection on Recent advanced techniques in water resources management
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Panneerselvam, B., Paramasivam, S.K., Karuppannan, S. et al. A GIS-based evaluation of hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater in hard rock region, South Tamil Nadu, India. Arab J Geosci 13, 837 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05813-w
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-020-05813-w