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Induced recharge at new dam sites—Sana’a Basin, Yemen

التغذية المستحثاه لمواقع سدود جديدة—حوض صنعاء—اليمن

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Abstract

In approaching the task of developing recharge estimates for dam sites, several constraints are apparent, including the scarcity of site-specific data for the selected new sites and the availability of simple yet robust analysis techniques. Combined, these constraints require an approach which involves best use of available data, adoption of relatively simple analytical approximations of reality, and the adoption of several key assumptions. In arid country with limited resources, two simple techniques have been used for recharge estimation: (1) a simple water balance model in spreadsheet and (2) a more refined Darcian approach involving an analytical approximation of a flow-net solution. By applying the two models at three new dam sites, the amount of recharge rates calculated over the period 2007–2026 was close. This is because, despite Darcian approach that should have affected the recharge rate as other parameters were introduced in the calculation of q t , e.g., groundwater table mound, reservoir water height, etc., the results show general agreement between the two methods which seem to validate the assumptions made in both methods. A general conclusion of this comparison is that the hydraulic conductivity (K) is the main determining factor in recharge calculations in these situations. The water balance model was used to estimate recharge at Wadi Bahaman, under gravity and cascade dams’ scenarios. Using gravity dam at Wadi Bahaman for groundwater recharge proved not suitable based on the relatively small predicted runoff from a small catchment area and geological concerns in the abutment areas. Instead, a series of three low check dams (2 to 4 m high) was proposed. These check dams will slow down the runoff flow, form small reservoirs, and enhance recharge along the valley, without requiring expensive foundations. Estimated groundwater recharge under cascade dams (141,407 m3/year) is greater than recharge estimated for gravity dam (103,853 m3/year) by at least 36%.

ملخص

عند إجراء تقديرات لقيم التغذية الجوفية عند مواقع سدود ، تظهر العديد من القيود مثل : ندرة معلومات الموقع الجديد التى سيقام فيه السد ، وتوفر تقنيه بسيطة ومتينة للتحليل. هذه القيود تحتم إيجاد تقنية قادرة على الاستخدام الأفضل للمعلومات المتوفرة وتتبنى أسهل الطرق التحليلية لتقريب الواقع وتتبنى عدة فرضيات رئيسية. في بلد قاحل وفقير ، تم استخدام تقنيتان بسيطتان لتقدير التغذية الجوفية هما: 1) نموذج مبسط للميزان المائي من خلال الجدولة فى الحاسب 2) حل تقريبي معدل لمعادلة دارسي لتدفق المياه.

بتطبيق النموذجين على ثلاث مواقع مقترحه لأنشأ سدود جديدة ، وجد ان قيمة التغذية الجوفية المستحثاة من السدود للفترة ما بين 2007–2026 متقاربين. هذا بالرغم من إن طريقة دارسي شملت إدخال العديد من المعاملات في حساب معدل التغذية الجوفية مثل: منسوب المياه الجوفية تحت السد ، ارتفاع المياه في بحيرة السد ..الخ. موافقة النتائج للنموذجين يعنى صلاحية الفرضيات التي استخدمت في الطريقتين. كما استنتج من هذه المقارنة بان العامل الرئيسي في حساب التغذية الجوفية لمثل هذه الحالات هو قيمة التوصيل الهيدروليكي.

تم استخدام نموذج الميزان المائي لحساب التغذية في وادي بهمان تحت سيناريوهين: سد كبير (جاذبية) وسدود صغيرة (حواجز). وجد عدم مناسبة انشأ سد كبير في وادي بهمان لتغذية المياه الجوفية لقلة الجريان السطحي بسبب صغر مساحة متجمع المياه (المصيدة) ، ولمخاوف جيولوجية للمناطق الداعمة للسد. لذا تم اقتراح استخدام سلسلة من ثلاث سدود ذات ارتفاع منخفض (2–4 متر). وجد إن سلسلة السدود الصغيرة سوف تبطئ تدفق الجريان السطحي ، تشكل بحيرات صغيرة وستحسن التغذية الجوفية الصناعية دون الاحتياج للمنشات الغالية. قدرت التغذية الجوفية تحت السدود الصغيرة ب 141,407 متر مكعب سنويا وهى أكثر بحوالي 36% من التغذية الجوفية المستحثاه من السد الكبير (الجاذبية) و الذي قدرت تغذيته الجوفية المستحثات ب 103,853 متر مكعب سنويا.

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The author acknowledges the anonymous contributors to this work.

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Correspondence to Ahmed Mohamed Alderwish.

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Alderwish, A.M. Induced recharge at new dam sites—Sana’a Basin, Yemen. Arab J Geosci 3, 283–293 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0075-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-009-0075-8

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