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Seed Plant Endemism on Hainan Island: A Framework for Conservation Actions

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Abstract

Hainan, the second largest island of China, has the most extensive and best preserved tropical forests of this country. A network of 68 protected areas (54 of them are terrestrial) provides in situ conservation for the unique ecosystems of the island. We: (1) discuss an updated check-list of seed-plant species that are endemic to Hainan, (2) evaluate the extent to which the endemic flora has been the subject of molecular studies, and (3) investigate the conservation status of these species. We recognize 397 endemic species on the island, 271 of which are reported in the protected areas, and 144 of which have been Red-Listed (85 assigned to the Critically Endangered (40) or Endangered (45) IUCN categories). The families with the highest number of endemics are Rubiaceae (33 species), Lauraceae (27 species), and Poaceae (26 species). The island has only seven endemic genera, all of which are unispecific. Compared with other tropical islands, Hainan has a low number of endemics but our preliminary observations suggest that the island has a highly disharmonic flora when compared with that from the mainland. Nevertheless, most of the major clades of the seed-plant tree of life with representatives in China also have endemic species on the island. We argue that the low levels of endemism reflect the continental nature of Hainan and the fact that several areas of the island have not been fully inventoried. We were unable to find a single molecular systematic study focusing exclusively on the Hainan endemics; however, 24 of the endemic species have been included in phylogenetic studies targeting particular genera or families. Future research/conservation actions for the endemic flora of Hainan should focus in developing: (1) a red-list that assesses all 397 endemic species, (2) comprehensive floristic studies for the protected areas, (3) molecular phylogenetic and conservation genetic studies with a primary focus on the endemics, (4) studies to understand what ecological interactions are important in the biology of the endemic species, and (5) eco-geographical studies to identify Important Biodiversity Zones of endemism within Hainan and therefore potential new protected areas.

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Acknowledgements

We dedicate this paper to Dr. Jose María Durán-Altisent from Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos de Madrid (Spain). His human and academic values as undergraduate mentor (1984–1986) have marked the professional trajectory of JFO. We are grateful to J.-S. Lei, K.-J. Zhang, and Q.-S. Yan for their help and guidance with our review on the geology of Hainan. Nicholas J. Turland shared with us unpublished data concerning the number of endemics from China. This is contribution 180 from the Tropical Biology Program of Florida International University. The Nanjing University (NU) 985 II program supported a research visit by HL and JFO. to the School of Life Science of NU during the summer of 2008. Summer research funds (2008–2009) from Fairchild Tropical Garden supported the studies of HL and JFO in China.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199, USA

    Javier Francisco-Ortega & Mike Maunder

  2. Center for Tropical Plant Conservation, Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Coral Gables, Miami, FL, 33156, USA

    Javier Francisco-Ortega, Hong Liu & Mike Maunder

  3. Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Global Change, School of Life Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, People’s Republic of China

    Zhong-Sheng Wang, Wei-Xiang Xu & Shu-Qing An

  4. South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, People’s Republic of China

    Fa-Guo Wang & Fu-Wu Xing

  5. Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL33199, USA

    Hong Liu

  6. Research Institute of Tropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, 510520, People’s Republic of China

    Han Xu

  7. Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing, 100093, People’s Republic of China

    Yi-Bo Luo

  8. Key Laboratory of Tropical Horticultural Plant Resources and Genetic Improvement, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, People’s Republic of China

    Xi-Qiang Song

  9. Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, People’s Republic of China

    Stephan Gale

  10. Harvard University Herbaria, 22 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA

    David E. Boufford

  11. Al Ain Wildlife Park and Resort, PO Box 1204, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

    Mike Maunder

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  1. Javier Francisco-Ortega
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Correspondence to Zhong-Sheng Wang or Shu-Qing An.

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Francisco-Ortega, J., Wang, ZS., Wang, FG. et al. Seed Plant Endemism on Hainan Island: A Framework for Conservation Actions. Bot. Rev. 76, 346–376 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12229-010-9055-7

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