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Exploring the Use of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents as Extraction Phase for the Determination of Food-Packaging Contaminants in Coconut Water Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

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Abstract

This work proposes, for the first time, a method based on homogenous liquid-liquid microextraction with switchable hydrophilicity solvent as extraction phase (SHS-HLLME) for the determination of food-packaging contaminants including dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), 4-octylphenol (4-OP), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and benzophenone (BZP) in coconut water samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Experimental parameters that can influence extraction efficiency, such as type and volume of SHS, sample volume, NaOH volume, temperature, and extraction time, were investigated. Using the optimal conditions, the calibration curves were linear from 0.5 to 30 μg L−1 for DMP and DEP; 1 to 30 μg L−1 for DBP, BBF, and DNOF; and 5 to 30 μg L−1 for BZP, 4-OP, and 4-NP. The coefficients of determination ranged from 0.9830 to 0.9972. The relative recoveries varied from 82 to 130%, and the intra- and inter-day precision values were lower than 18% for all analytes for the concentrations of 5, 15, and 30 μg L−1. Limit of detection and quantification ranged from 0.15 to 1.51 μg L−1 and from 0.50 to 5.0 μg L−1, respectively. In addition, the robustness of the methodology was examined and exhibited satisfactory results. Finally, the method developed was successfully applied for the analysis of six coconut water samples from food packaging. In this particular case, at least one analyte was found in five samples analyzed in the range of <LOQ to 3.37 μg L−1.

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Funding

This study received the financial support from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) and scholarships which made this research possible.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil

    Gabriela Corazza, Anderson Luiz Oenning, Gabrieli Bernardi & Eduardo Carasek

  2. Departamento de Farmacociências, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050170, Brazil

    Josias Merib

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  1. Gabriela Corazza
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  2. Anderson Luiz Oenning
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  3. Gabrieli Bernardi
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Correspondence to Eduardo Carasek.

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Gabriela Corazza declares that she has no conflict of interest. Anderson Luiz Oenning declares that he has no conflict of interest. Gabrieli Bernardi declares that he has no conflict of interest. Josias Merib declares that he has no conflict of interest. Eduardo Carasek declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Corazza, G., Oenning, A.L., Bernardi, G. et al. Exploring the Use of Switchable Hydrophilicity Solvents as Extraction Phase for the Determination of Food-Packaging Contaminants in Coconut Water Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Food Anal. Methods 14, 319–330 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-020-01876-3

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