Abstract
Glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with CeO2 nanoparticles dispersed in 0.01 M Brij® 35 (CeO2-Brij® 35/GCE) has been developed for the determination of thymol in micellar medium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) data confirm immobilization of the nanomaterial on the electrode surface. The electrooxidation of thymol on CeO2-Brij® 35/GCE is an irreversible diffusion-controlled process with participation of two electrons and two protons. Differential pulse voltammetry has been used for the quantification of thymol. The linear dynamic range of the thymol determination is 0.700–10.1 and 10.1–606 μM with the limits of detection and quantification 0.20 and 0.65 μM, respectively. The approach developed has been applied for the quantification of thymol in oregano spices using preliminary micellar extraction with Brij® 35. The results of voltammetric determination are in good agreement with the data of standard spectrophotometric method.
References
Abu-Lafi S, Odeh I, Dewik H, Qabajah M, Hanus LO, Dembitsky VM (2008) Thymol and carvacrol production from leaves of wild Palestinian Majorana syriaca. Bioresour Technol 99:3914–3918
Aeschbach R, Löliger J, Scott BC, Murcia A, Butler J, Halliwell B, Aruoma OT (1994) Anti-oxidant action of thymol, carvacrol, 6-gingerol, zingerone and hydroxytyrosol. Food Chem Toxicol 32:31–36
Al-Abachi MQ, Al-Ward HS (2012) Batch and flow-injection spectrophotometric determination of thymol using procaine hydrochloride as a new chromogenic reagent. Baghdad Sci J 9:302–310
Alekseeva LI (2009) Determining thymol and carvacrol by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Pharm Chem J 43:665–667
Backheet EY (1998) Micro determination of eugenol, thymol and vanillin in volatile oils and plants. Phytochem Anal 9:134–140
Bard AJ, Faulkner LR (2001) Electrochemical methods: fundamentals and applications, 2nd edn. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Behpour M, Masoum S, Meshki M (2014) Determination of trace amounts of thymol and caffeic acid in real samples using a graphene oxide nanosheet modified electrode: application of experimental design in voltammetric studies. RSC Adv 4:14270–14280
Braga PC, Dal Sasso M, Culici M, Bianchi T, Bordoni L, Marabini L (2006) Anti-inflammatory activity of thymol: inhibitory effect on the release of human neutrophil elastase. Pharmacology 77:130–136
Cantalapiedra A, Gismera MJ, Sevilla MT, Procopio JR (2014) Sensitive and selective determination of phenolic compounds from aromatic plants using an electrochemical detection coupled with HPLC method. Phytochem Anal 25:247–254
Evans WC (2009) Trease and Evans Pharmacognosy, 16th edn. Saunders Elsevier, New York
Falcone P, Speranza B, Del Nobile MA, Corbo MR, Sinigaglia MJ (2005) A study on the antimicrobial activity of thymol intended as a natural preservative. Food Pro 68:1664–1670
Fiori GML, Bonato PS, Pereira MPM, Continia SHT, Pereira AMS (2013) Determination of thymol and carvacrol in plasma and milk of dairy cows using solid-phase microextraction. J Braz Chem Soc 24:837–846
Gan T, Lv Z, Deng Y, Sun J, Shi Z, Liu Y (2015) Facile synthesis of monodisperse Ag@C@Ag core-double shell spheres for application in the simultaneous sensing of thymol and phenol. New J Chem 39:6244–6252
Ghiasvand A, Dowlatshah S, Nouraei N, Heidari N, Yazdankhah F (2015) A solid-phase microextraction platinized stainless steel fiber coated with a multiwalled carbon nanotube-polyaniline nanocomposite film for the extraction of thymol and carvacrol in medicinal plants and honey. J Chromatogr A 1406:87–93
Haeseler G, Maue D, Grosskreutz J, Bufler J, Nentwig B, Piepenbrock S, Dengler R, Leuwer M (2002) Voltage-dependent block of neuronal and skeletal muscle sodium channels by thymol and menthol. Eur J Anaesthesiol 19:571–579
Hajimehdipoor H, Shekarchi M, Khanavi M, Adib N, Amri M (2010) A validated high performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of thymol and carvacrol in Thymus vulgaris L. volatile oil. Pharmacogn Mag 6:154–158
Haque MDR, Ansari SH, Najmi AK, Naquvi KJ (2012) Validated HPLC analysis method for quantification of thymol content in Trachyspermum ammi and polyherbal unani formulation Arq zeera. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 4:478–482
Jaiswal PV, Ijeri VS, Srivastava AK (2001) Voltammetric behavior of α-tocopherol and its determination using surfactant + ethanol + water and surfactant + acetonitrile + water mixed solvent systems. Anal Chim Acta 441:201–206
Karami-Osboo R, Khodaverdi M, Ali-Akbari F (2010) Antibacterial effect of effective compounds of Satureja hortensis and Thymus vulgaris essential oils against Erwinia amylovora. J Agric Sci Technol 12:35–45
Kiyanpoura V, Fakharia AR, Alizadeh R, Asghari B, Jalali-Heravi M (2009) Multivariate optimization of hydrodistillation-headspace solvent microextraction of thymol and carvacrol from Thymus transcaspicus. Talanta 79:695–699
Lau O-W, Luk S-F, Wong W-C (1998) Simultaneous determination of methyl salicylate and thymol in various pharmaceutical formulations by differential-pulse voltammetry using a glassy carbon electrode. Analyst 113:865–868
López MMC, Vilariño JML, Rodríguez MVG, Losada LFB (2011) Development, validation and application of micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography method for routine analysis of catechins, quercetin and thymol in natural samples. Microchem J 99:461–469
Michelitsch A, Rittmannsberger A, Hüfner A, Rückert U, Likussar W (2004) Determination of isopropylmethylphenols in black seed oil by differential pulse voltammetry. Phytochem Anal 15:320–324
Mika J, Barek J, Zima J, Dejmkova H (2015) New flow-through coulometric detector with renewable working electrode material for flow injection analysis and HPLC. Electrochim Acta 154:397–403
Nicholson RS, Shain I (1964) Theory of stationary electrode polarography. Single scan and cyclic methods applied to reversible, irreversible, and kinetic systems. Anal Chem 36:706–723
Piech R, Paczosa-Bator B (2015) Application of glassy carbon electrode modified with Nafion/MWCNTs for sensitive voltammetric determination of thymol. Acta Pol Pharm 72:1081–1088
Razzaq ZL, Mohammed HJ (2014) Spectrophotometric determination of thymol in lastarine antiseptic by diazotization of 4-aminoantipyrine in the presence of triton X-100. Int J Eng Technol 14:104–111
Roosta M, Ghaedi M, Daneshfar A, Sahraei R (2015) Ultrasound assisted microextraction-nano material solid phase dispersion for extraction and determination of thymol and carvacrol in pharmaceutical samples: experimental design methodology. J Chromatogr B 975:34–39
Scholz F (ed) (2002) Electroanalytical methods. Guide to experiments and applications. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg
Simić A, Manojlović D, Šegan D, Todorović M (2007) Electrochemical behavior and antioxidant and prooxidant activity of natural phenolics. Molecules 12:2327–2340
Stanković DM (2015) Sensitive voltammetric determination of thymol in essential oil of Carum copticum seeds using boron-doped diamond electrode. Anal Biochem 486:1–4
Vinas P, Soler-Romera MJ, Hernandez-Cordoba M (2006) Liquid chromatographic determination of phenol, thymol and carvacrol in honey using fluorimetric detection. Talanta 69:1063–1067
Yanishlieva NV, Marinova EM, Gordon MH, Raneva VG (1999) Antioxidant activity and mechanism of action of thymol and carvacrol in two lipid systems. Food Chem 64:59–66
Zhao X, Du Y, Ye W, Lu D, Xia X, Wang C (2013) Sensitive determination of thymol based on CeO2 nanoparticle-decorated graphene hybrid film. New J Chem 37:4045–4051
Zima J, Cienciala M, Barek J, Moreira JC (2007) Determination of thymol using HPLC-ED with glassy carbon paste electrode. Chem Anal 52:1049–1057
Ziyatdinova G, Giniyatova E, Budnikov H (2010) Cyclic voltammetry of retinol in surfactant media and its application for the analysis of real samples. Electroanal 22:2708–2713
Ziyatdinova GK, Giniyatova ER, Budnikov GK (2012a) Voltammetric determination of α-tocopherol in the presence of surfactants. J Anal Chem 67:467–473
Ziyatdinova G, Ziganshina E, Budnikov H (2012b) Voltammetric determination of β-carotene in raw vegetables and berries in Triton X100 media. Talanta 99:1024–1029
Ziyatdinova GK, Ziganshina ER, Budnikov HC (2012c) Application of surfactants in voltammetric analysis. J Anal Chem 67:869–879
Ziyatdinova G, Ziganshina E, Budnikov H (2013) Voltammetric sensing and quantification of eugenol using nonionic surfactant self-organized media. Anal Methods 5:4750–4756
Ziyatdinova GK, Ziganshina ER, Nguyen Cong P, Budnikov HC (2016) Determination of the antioxidant capacity of the micellar extracts of spices in Brij® 35 medium by differential pulse voltammetry. J Anal Chem 71:573–580
Acknowledgments
This work was funded by the subsidy allocated to Kazan Federal University for the project part of state assignment in the sphere of scientific activities.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
Guzel Ziyatdinova declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Endzhe Ziganshina declares that she has no conflict of interest.
Phuc Nguyen Cong declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Herman Budnikov declares that he has no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
This article does not contain any studies with human or animal subjects.
Informed Consent
Not applicable.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ziyatdinova, G., Ziganshina, E., Cong, P.N. et al. Voltammetric Determination of Thymol in Oregano Using CeO2-Modified Electrode in Brij® 35 Micellar Medium. Food Anal. Methods 10, 129–136 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0562-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-016-0562-y