Skip to main content

Advertisement

Log in

Free Adult Internet Web Sites: How Prevalent Are Degrading Acts?

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Gender Issues Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Russell (Dangerous relationships: Pornography, misogyny, and rape, 1988) argued that essential features of pornography were the inclusion of more female than male nakedness and the portrayal of men in dominant roles. Utilizing a sample of 45 Internet adult web sites, a content analysis was conducted to see if free and easily available Internet adult videos may generally be described as pornography in line with Russell’s (1988) work. A majority of videos in our sample portrayed more female than male nakedness as well as much higher representations of men in sexually dominant positions. The prevalence of violence in this sample of video and the presence of various acts (name calling, ejaculating on the face, submission, and eagerness to participate in any sex act) were also content analyzed and used to establish prevalent themes. We found a significant difference in the likelihood of a video having a theme of exploitation or domination and whether or not the video portrayed one of these acts. If the video had a theme of exploitation or domination, 92% of the videos also included a minimum of one of these acts while those videos that had themes of reciprocity or autoeroticism were significantly less likely to contain such acts. This study contributes to the literature on gender and pornography by examining issues of degradation and power relations within the context of a rapidly expanding cybersex industry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Barron, M., & Kimmel, M. (2000). Sexual violence in three pornographic media: Toward a sociological explanation. The Journal of Sex Research, 37, 161–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Barron, M., & Kimmel, M. (2000). Sexual violence in three pornographic media. Journal of Sex Research, May 1–25.

  3. Boies, S. (2002). University students uses of and reactions to online sexual information and entertainment: Links to online and offline sexual behavior. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 11, 77–89.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brownmiller, S. (1975). Against our will. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Buzzell, T. (2005). Demographic characteristics of persons using pornography in three technological contexts. Sexuality and Culture, 9, 28–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Carroll, J., Padilla-Walker, L., Nelson, L., Olson, C., McNamara Barry, C., & Madsen, S. (2008). Generation XXX: Pornography acceptance and use among emerging adults. Journal of Adolescent Research, 23, 6–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Check, J., & Guloien, T. (1989). Reported proclivity for coercive sex following repeated exposure to sexually violent pornography, nonviolent dehumanizing pornography, and erotica. In D. Zillmann & J. Bryant (Eds.), Pornography: Research advances, policy considerations (pp. 159–184). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Cooper, A. (2004). Online sexual activity in the millennium. Contemporary Sexuality, 38, 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Cooper, A., Morahan Martin, J., Mathy, R., & Maheu, M. (2002). Toward an increased understanding of user demographics in online sexual activities. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 28, 105–129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Cowan, G. (1992). Feminist attitudes toward pornography control. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 16, 166–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Cowan, G., & Campbell, R. (1994). Racism and sexism in interracial pornography: A content analysis. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18, 323–338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Cowan, G., & Dunn, K. (1994). What themes in pornography lead to perceptions of the degradation of women? The Journal of Sex Research, 31, 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Cowan, G., Lee, C., Levy, D., & Snyder, D. (1988). Dominance and inequality in x-rated videocassettes. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 12, 299–311.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Davies, K. (1997). Voluntary exposure to pornography and men’s attitudes toward feminism and rape. The Journal of Sex Research, 34, 131–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Dines, G., Jensen, R., & Russo, A. (1998). Pornography: The production and consumption of inequality. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Donnerstein, E., & Berkowitz, L. (1981). Victim reactions in aggressive erotic films as a factor of violence against women. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 710–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Dworkin, A. (1989). Pornography: Men possessing women. New York: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Fisher, W., & Grenier, G. (1994). Violent pornography, antiwoman thoughts, and antiwoman acts: In search of reliable effects. The Journal of Sex Research, 31, 23–38.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Glascock, J., & Larose, R. (1993). Dial-a-porn recordings: The role of the female participant in male sexual fantasies. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 37, 313–325.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Golde, J., Strassberg, D., Turner, C., & Lowe, K. (2000). Attitudinal effects of degrading themes and sexual explicitness in video materials. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 12, 223–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Gossett, J., & Byrne, S. (2002). Click here: A content analysis of internet rape sites. Gender and Society, 16, 689–709.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Heider, D., & Harp, D. (2002). New hope or old power: Democracy, pornography, and the internet. The Howard Journal of Communications, 13, 285–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Jensen, R. (2007). Getting off: Pornography and the end of masculinity. Cambridge: South End Press.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lo, V., & Wei, R. (2002). Third person effect, gender, and pornography on the internet. Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 46, 13–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. MacKinnon, C. A., & Dworkin, A. (1988). Pornography and civil rights: A new day for women’s sexuality. Minneapolis: Organizing Against Pornography.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Malamuth, N., Heim, M., & Feshbach, S. (1980). Sexual responsiveness of college students to rape depictions: Inhibitory and disinhibitory effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 399–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Matacin, M., & Burger, J. (1987). A content analysis of sexual themes in Playboy cartoons. Sex Roles, 17, 179–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McCreadie Lillie, J. J. (2004). Cyberporn, sexuality and net apparatus. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 10, 43–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Mehta, M., & Plaza, D. (1997). Content analysis of pornographic images available on the internet. The Information Society, 13, 153–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Paul, P. (2005). Pornified: How pornography is damaging our lives, our relationships, and our families. New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Purcell, H., & Monk-Turner, E. (1999). Sexual violence in pornography: How prevalent is it? Gender Issues, 17, 58–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Rimm, M. (1995). Marketing pornography on the information superhighway: A survey of 917, 410 images, descriptions, short stories, animations downloaded 8.5 million times by consumers in over 2000 cities in Forty Countries, Provinces, and Territories. Georgetown Law Journal, 83, 1849–1934.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ropelato, J. (n.d.). Internet Pornography Statistics. Internet Filter Review. Retrieved on November 5, 2008. (http://www.internet-filter-review.toptenreviews.com/internet-pornography-statistics.html).

  34. Russell, D. (1998). Dangerous relationships: Pornography, misogyny, and rape. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Scott, J., & Cuvelier, S. (1993). Violence and sexual violence in pornography: Is it really increasing? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 22, 357–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Web Pro News (2004). Web Porn More Popular Than Search Engines. http://archive.enterprisewebpro.com/enterprisewebpro-6120040604WebPornMorePopularThanSearchEngines.html.

  37. Whisnant, R. (2004). Understanding systems of prostitution. In C. Stark & R. Whisnant (Eds.), Not for sale: Feminists resisting prostitution, pornography (pp. 15–27). North Melbourne: Spinifex Press Pty Ltd.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Zillmann, D., & Brosius, H. (2000). Exemplification in communication: The influence of case reports on the perception of issues. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Zillmann, D., & Bryant, J. (1982). Pornography, sexual callousness, and the trivialization of rape. Journal of Communication, 32, 10–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elizabeth Monk-Turner.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gorman, S., Monk-Turner, E. & Fish, J.N. Free Adult Internet Web Sites: How Prevalent Are Degrading Acts?. Gend. Issues 27, 131–145 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-010-9095-7

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-010-9095-7

Keywords

Navigation