Skip to main content
Log in

The Rebirth of Kinship

Evolutionary and Quantitative Approaches in the Revitalization of a Dying Field

  • Published:
Human Nature Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Kinship was one of the key areas of research interest among anthropologists in the nineteenth century, one of the most hotly debated areas of theory in the early and mid-twentieth century, and yet an area of waning interest by the end of the twentieth century. Since then, the study of kinship has experienced a revitalization, with concomitant disputes over how best to proceed. This special issue brings together recent studies of kinship by scientific anthropologists employing evolutionary theory and quantitative methods. We argue that the melding of the evolutionary theoretical perspective with quantitative and ethnographic methodologies has strengthened and reinvigorated the study of kinship by synthesizing and extending existing research via rigorous analyses of evidence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aberle, D. (1961). Matrilineal descent in cross-cultural perspective. In D. M. Schneider & K. Gough (Eds.), Matrilineal kinship (pp. 655–727). Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, R. D. (1974). The evolution of social behavior. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 5, 325–383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvard, M. (2003). Kinship, lineage identity, and an evolutionary perspective on the structure of cooperative big game hunting groups in Indonesia. Human Nature, 14, 129–163.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvard, M. (2009). Kinship and cooperation: the axe fight revisited. Human Nature, 20, 394–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Alvard, M. (2011). Genetic and cultural kinship among the Lamaleran whale hunters. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9104-x.

  • Apostolou, M. (2007). Sexual selection under parental choice: the role of parents in the evolution of human mating. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28(6), 403–409.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bachofen, J. J. (1897). Das Mutterrecht: Eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der Alten Welt nach Ihrer Religiösen und Rechtlichen Natur. Unveränderte Aufl. Basel: B. Schwabe. (Originally published in 1861).

  • Barnes, J. A. (1971). Three styles in the study of kinship. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrett, L., Dunbar, R., & Lycett, J. (2002). Human evolutionary psychology. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1990). Kipsigis women’s preferences for wealthy men: evidence for female choice in mammals? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 27(4), 255–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, R., & Richerson, P. J. (1985). Culture and the evolutionary process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carsten, J. (Ed.). (2000). Cultures of relatedness: New approaches to the study of kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carsten, J. (2004). After kinship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carsten, J., & Hugh-Jones, S. (1995). About the house: Lévi-Strauss and beyond. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavalli-Sforza, L. L., & Feldman, M. W. (1981). Cultural transmission and evolution: A quantitative approach. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chagnon, N. A., & Irons, W. (1979). Evolutionary biology and human social behavior: An anthropological perspective. North Scituate: Duxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapais, B. (2008). Primeval kinship: How pair-bonding gave birth to human society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currie, T. E., & Mace, R. (2011). Mode and tempo in the evolution of socio-political organization: Reconciling “Darwinian” and “Spencerian” evolutionary approaches in anthropology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 366 1108–1117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Daly, M., & Wilson, M. (1984). A sociobiological analysis of human infanticide. In G. Hausfater & S. B. Hrdy (Eds.), Infanticide: Comparative and evolutionary perspectives (pp. 487–501). New York: de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickemann, M. (1979). Female infanticide, reproductive strategies, and social stratification: A preliminary model. In N. A. Chagnon & W. Irons (Eds.), Evolutionary biology and human social behavior (pp. 321–367). North Scituate: Duxbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Divale, W. T. (1974). Migration, external warfare and matrilocal residence. Behavior Science Research, 9(2), 75–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driver, H. E., & Schuessler, K. F. (1967). Correlational analysis of Murdock’s 1957 ethnographic sample. American Anthropologist, 69, 332–352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Durham, W. H. (1991). Coevolution: Genes, culture, and human diversity. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ember, M., & Ember, C. R. (1971). The conditions favoring matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. American Anthropologist, 73(3), 571–594.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ember, M., & Ember, C. R. (1983). Marriage, family, and kinship: Comparative studies of social organization. New Haven: HRAF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engels, F. (1942). The origin of the family, private property and the state. New York: International (Originally published in 1884).

    Google Scholar 

  • Flinn, M., Quinlan, R. L., Ward, C. V., & Coe, M. K. (2007). Evolution of the human family: Cooperative males, long social childhoods, smart mothers, and extended kin networks. In C. Salmon & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Family relationships. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. (1975). Primate kin and human kinship. In R. Fox (Ed.), Biosocial anthropology (pp. 9–35). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fox, R. (1983). Kinship and marriage: an anthropological perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (Originally published in 1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Geary, D. C. (2000). Evolution and proximate expression of human paternal investment. Psychological Bulletin, 126(1), 55–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goody, J. (1976). Production and reproduction: A comparative study of the domestic domain. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, P., & Anderson, K. G. (2010). Fatherhood: Evolution and human paternal behavior. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Han, H. (2004). Kinship, gender, and mode of production in post-Mao China: Variations in two Northern villages. In R. Parkin & L. Stone (Eds.), Kinship and Family: An anthropological reader. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, K., & Paine, R. (2006). The evolution of human life history. Santa Fe: School of American Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J. F., & Jones, N. G. B. (1997). Hadza women’s time allocation, offspring provisioning, and the evolution of long postmenopausal life spans. Current Anthropology, 38, 551–577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hayden, C. P. (1995). Gender, genetics and generation: reformulating biology in lesbian kinship. Cultural Anthropology, 10, 41–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hobbes, T. W. (1909). Leviathan. Oxford: Clarendon (Originally published in 1651).

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, C. J., & Mace, R. (2003). Spread of cattle led to the loss of matrilineal descent in Africa: a coevolutionary analysis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, Biological Sciences, 270, 2425–2433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, C., Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2003). Matriliny as daughter-biased investment. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 99–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holý, L. (1996). Anthropological perspectives on kinship. London: Pluto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. B. (1992). Fitness tradeoffs in the history and evolution of delegated mothering with special reference to wet-nursing, abandonment, and infanticide. Ethology and Sociobiology, 13, 409–442.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hrdy, S. B. (2009). Mothers and others: The evolutionary origins of mutual understanding. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, A. L. (1988). Evolution and human kinship. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. (2000). Group nepotism and human kinship. Current Anthropology, 41(5), 779–809.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. (2003a). The generative psychology of kinship, Part 1. Cognitive universals and evolutionary psychology. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 303–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. (2003b). The generative psychology of kinship, Part 2. Generating variation from universal building blocks with Optimality Theory. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 320–350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. (2003c). Kinship and deep history: exploring connections between culture areas, genes, and languages. American Anthropologist, 105, 501–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. (2011). The matrilocal tribe: An organization of demic expansion. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9108-6.

  • Kahn, S. M. (2000). Reproducing Jews: A cultural account of assisted conception in Israel. Durham: Duke University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H. (1996). A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology, 39, 91–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, H., Hill, K., Lancaster, J., & Hurtado, A. M. (2000). A theory of human life history evolution: diet, intelligence, and longevity. Evolutionary Anthropology, 9, 156–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Köbben, A. J. (1952). New ways of presenting an old idea: the statistical method in social anthropology. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 82(2), 129–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, K. (2005). Children’s help and the pace of reproduction: cooperative breeding in humans. Evolutionary Anthropology, 14, 224–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, K., & Ellison, P. T. (2010). Pooled energy budgets: resituating human energy allocation trade-offs. Evolutionary Anthropology, 19, 136–147.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, K., & Greaves, R. D. (2011). Postmarital residence and bilateral kin associations among hunter-gatherers: Pumé foragers living in the best of both worlds. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9115-7.

  • Kroeber, A. L. (1909). Classificatory systems of relationship. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 39, 77–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, R., & DeVore, I. (Eds.). (1968). Man the hunter. New York: Aldine de Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti, D. L., & Chabot-Hanowell, B. (2011). The foundation of kinship: Households. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9111-y.

  • Leonetti, D. L., Nath, D. C., Hemam, N. S., & Neill, D. B. (2004). Do women really need marital partners for support of their reproductive success? The case of the matrilineal Khasi of N.E. India. Research in Economic Anthropology, 23, 151–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leonetti, D. L., Nath, D. C., & Hemam, N. S. (2007). In-law conflict: women’s reproductive lives and the roles of their mothers and husbands among the matrilineal Khasi. Current Anthropology, 48, 861–890.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levins, R. (1966). The strategy of model building in population biology. American Scientist, 54, 421–431.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lévi-Strauss, C. (1967 [1949]). Les structures élémentaires de la parenté. Paris, La Haye: Mouton et Co.

  • Lipatov, M., Brown, M. J., & Feldman, M. W. (2011). The influence of social niche on cultural niche construction: Modelling changes in belief about marriage form in Taiwan. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B. 366 901–917.

  • Lowie, R. H. (1919). Family and sib. American Anthropologist, 21, 28–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maine, H. S. (1960). Ancient law. London: J.M. Dent (Originally published in 1861).

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, B. (1913). The family among the Australian aborigines: A sociological study. London: University of London Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malinowski, B. (1930). Kinship. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 30, 19–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marlowe, F. (2000). Paternal investment and the human mating system. Behavioral Processes, 51, 45–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marlowe, F. (2004). Marital residence among foragers. Current Anthropology, 45, 277–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattison, S. M. (2010). The economic impacts of tourism and erosion of the visiting system among the Mosuo of Lugu Lake. The Asia Pacific Journal of Anthropology, 11, 157–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mattison, S. M. (2011). Evolutionary contributions to solving the “matrilineal puzzle”: A test of Holden, Sear, and Mace’s model. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9107-7.

  • McLennan, J. F. (1865). Primitive marriage: An inquiry into the origin of the form of capture in marriage ceremonies. Edinburgh: A. and C. Black.

  • Morgan, L. H. (1964). Ancient society. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press (Originally published in 1877).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, L. H. (1997). Systems of consanguinity and affinity of the human family. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press (Originally published in 1871).

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, G. P. (1949). Social structure. New York: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, G. P. (1967). Ethnographic atlas. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murdock, G. P., & White, D. R. (1969). Standard cross-cultural sample. Ethnology, 8, 329–369.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naroll, R. (1970). What have we learned from cross-cultural surveys? American Anthropologist, 72, 1227–1288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neill, D. B. (2011). Urbanization and daughter-biased parental investment in Fiji. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9110-z.

  • Nolin, D. A. (2011). Kin preference and partner choice: Patrilineal descent and biological kinship in Lamaleran cooperative relationships. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9113-9.

  • Otterbein, K. F. (1969). Basic steps in conducting a cross-cultural study. Cross-Cultural Research, 4, 221–236.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Otterbein, K. F., & Otterbein, C. S. (1965). An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth: a cross-cultural study of feuding. American Anthropologist, 67(6), 1470–1482.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, C. T., Steadman, L. B., & K. Coe. (2006). More kin: An effect of the tradition of marriage. Structure and Dynamics 1(2). Available at http://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pq27410

  • Parkin, R., & Stone, L. (Eds.). (2004). Kinship and family: An anthropological reader. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, R. J. (2006). Gender and risk in a matrifocal Caribbean community: a view from behavioral ecology. American Anthropologist, 108(3), 464–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1941). The study of kinship systems. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 71(1/2), 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ragoné, H. (1994). Surrogate motherhood: Conception in the heart. Boulder: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richerson, P., & Boyd, R. (2005). Not by genes alone: How culture transformed human evolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, W. H. R. (1900). A genealogical method of collecting social and vital statistics. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 30, 74–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rodseth, L., & Wrangham, R. (2004). Human kinship: A continuation of politics by other means? In B. Chapais & C. M. Berman (Eds.), Kinship and behavior in primates (pp. 389–419). Cary: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodseth, L., Wranghan, R. W., Harrigan, A. M., & Smuts, B. B. (1991). The human community as a primate society. Current Anthropology, 32, 221–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scelza, B. A. (2011). The place of proximity: Social support in mother–adult daughter relationships. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9112-x.

  • Schneider, D. M. (1968). American kinship: A cultural account. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D. M. (1972). What is kinship all about? In P. Reining (Ed.), Kinship studies in the Morgan centennial year (pp. 32–63). Washington: Anthropological Society of Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, D. M. (1984). A critique of the study of kinship. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sear, R., & Mace, R. (2008). Who keeps children alive? A review of the effects of kin on child survival. Evolution and Human Behavior, 29, 1–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenk, M. K. (2004). Embodied capital and heritable wealth in complex cultures: a class-based analysis of parental investment in urban South India. Research in Economic Anthropology, 23, 307–333.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shenk, M. K. (2011). Evolutionary approaches to parental decisions—How much to invest in your offspring. In U. Frey (Ed.), Essential building blocks of human nature. Berlin: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sieff, D. F. (1990). Explaining biased sex ratios in human populations: a critique of recent studies. Current Anthropology, 31(1), 25–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silk, J. B. (1980). Adoption and kinship in Oceania. American Anthropologist, 82, 799–820.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. A. (1998). Is Tibetan polyandry adaptive? Methodological and metatheoretical analyses. Human Nature, 9(3), 225–261.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. A., & Winterhalder, B. (1992). Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior. New Brunswick: Aldine Transaction.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. (2001). New directions in anthropological kinship. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone, L. (2010). Kinship and gender. Boulder: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strassmann, B. I., & Garrard, W. (2011). Alternatives to the grandmother hypothesis: A meta-analysis of the association between grandparental and grandchild survival in patrilineal populations. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9114-8.

  • Turke, P. (1988). Helpers at the nest: Childcare networks on Ifaluk. In L. L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, & P. Turke (Eds.), Human reproductive behavior: A Darwinian perspective (pp. 173–188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tylor, E. B. (1889). On a method of investigating the development of institutions: applied to laws of marriage and descent. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 18, 245–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van den Berghe, P. L. (1979). Human family systems: An evolutionary view. New York: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Voland, E., Chasiotis, A., & Schiefenhovel, W. (2005). Grandmotherhood: The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life. Rutgers: Rutgers University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermarck, E. (1903 [1891]). The history of human marriage. London: Macmillan.

  • Wilson, E. O. (1978). On human nature. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, A. P., & Huang, J. (1980). Marriage and adoption in China, 1854–1945. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wood, B. M., & Marlowe, F. W. (2011). Dynamics of postmarital residence among the Hadza: A kin investment model. Human Nature, 22(1&2), doi:10.1007/s12110-011-9109-5.

  • Yanagisako, S. J., & Collier, J. F. (1987). Toward a unified analysis of gender and kinship Gender and kinship: Essays toward a unified analysis (pp. 14–50). Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to thank the participants in “The End/s of Kinship,” our December 2009 session at the American Anthropological Association (AAA) meetings; the Evolutionary Anthropology Section of the AAA for sponsoring it; the audience for their enthusiasm in attending; and Jane Lancaster for inviting us to turn it into a special issue of Human Nature. We would also like to thank the authors of the articles for their cooperation through the sometimes tortured process of review and revision.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mary K. Shenk.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Shenk, M.K., Mattison, S.M. The Rebirth of Kinship. Hum Nat 22, 1–15 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9105-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12110-011-9105-9

Keywords

Navigation