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Immunostimulant Activity of Bacteria Isolated from Extreme Environments in Baja California Sur, Mexico: A Bioprospecting Approach

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Abstract

Excessive use of antibiotics has led to an increase of pathogenic bacteria with multiple antibiotic resistance. Hypersaline and hyperthermal environments promote the development of several microorganisms that can potentially act as immunostimulants. Thus, the aim of this study was bioprospecting marine bacteria from these environments using mouse leukocytes as a cell model for assess immunostimulatory activity. Samples were taken from two evaporation ponds with 4 and 8% salinity (p/v) in a marine solar saltern (MSS) at Laguna Ojo de Liebre, Guerrero Negro and a shallow hydrothermal vent (SHV), Bahía Concepción under a mangrove forest both off Baja California Sur, México. From total number of isolates (N = 340), 267 were obtained from the MSS and 73 from the SHV. The 10 isolates that induced nitric oxide (NO) production in mouse splenocytes were identified using the 16S rRNA gene, of which Halomonas elongata, Halomonas sp., Pseudoalteromonas ruthenica, Bacillus subtilis and three Bacillus strains were isolated from the MSS ponds at 8% salinity and three Marinobacter lutaoensis strains from the SHV. Most of the selected bacteria were not cytotoxic for mouse splenocytes and enhanced phagocytic respiratory burst and antioxidant enzyme activities compared to the control immunostimulant (lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli). Selected bacteria from 8% salinity ponds in the MSS in Guerrero Negro had immunostimulant activity in vitro in mouse splenocytes. In conclusion, Bacillus subtilis SA4 220, Bacillus sp. SA4 62A, P. ruthenica SA4 40 as well as Halomonas sp. SA4 207 and Halomonas elongata SA8 44 increased several immunological parameters. Further research is needed to evaluate their potential application in preclinical models to fight against infectious diseases.

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Acknowledgements

This study was supported by Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) Mexico Projects: INFR-2014-01/225924 and PDCPN2014-01/248033. The authors are grateful to Diana Fischer for English edition and to the marine solar saltern Exportadora de Sal, S.A. de C.V. (ESSA) for their kind support to take samples.

Funding

This research was financially supported by CONACYT (INFR-2014–01/225924 and PDCPN2014-01/248033).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology and Vaccinology Group, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, B.C.S, México

    G. Rodríguez-Valdez, M. Reyes-Becerril & C. Angulo

  2. Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de La Paz, Boulevard Forjadores 4720, 8 de Octubre Segunda Sección, 23080, La Paz, B.C.S., México

    R. Romero-Geraldo

  3. Instituto de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Carretera Mexicali, San Felipe Km 3.5, Laguna Campestre, México

    G. Medina-Basulto

Authors
  1. G. Rodríguez-Valdez
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  2. R. Romero-Geraldo
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  3. G. Medina-Basulto
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  4. M. Reyes-Becerril
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  5. C. Angulo
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Contributions

GRV, RRG, GMB, MRB and CA designed the study. GRV conducted the experiments and wrote the first draft. MRB helped to conduct the experiments. CA revised and edited the manuscript. Funding adquisition. All authors read and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to C. Angulo.

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12088_2022_1002_MOESM1_ESM.pptx

Supplemental Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequence of selected isolates from the marine solar saltern (MSS) at Laguna Ojo de Liebre and the shallow hydrothermal vent (SHV) under a mangrove forest at Bahia Concepción, Baja California Sur, Mexico. The scale bar corresponded to 0.5 substitutions per nucleotide.

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Rodríguez-Valdez, G., Romero-Geraldo, R., Medina-Basulto, G. et al. Immunostimulant Activity of Bacteria Isolated from Extreme Environments in Baja California Sur, Mexico: A Bioprospecting Approach. Indian J Microbiol 62, 234–241 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-022-01002-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12088-022-01002-3

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