Abstract
This prospective study has been carried out to observe the outcomes of canal wall up (CWU) and canal wall down (CWD) Tympano-mastoidectomies in ears with cholesteatoma. Outcomes of the procedures have been done in terms of recurrence of cholesteatoma, complications, graft uptake rates and post-operative hearing gain. This study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology of a reputed tertiary teaching hospital of North India from January 2016 to June 2020, with a mean follow-up of 32 months. The study included 100 patients of otitis media with cholesteatoma. In Canal Wall Up Tympano-mastoidectomy (CWUT) group, the number of males and females were 22 each. On the other hand, 36 males and 20 females underwent Canal Wall Down Tympano-mastoidectomy (CWDT). Each surgery was done as a single-staged and at the end of the surgical procedure angled oto-endoscopes were used for ensuring complete removal of the disease. Though there is no statistically significant difference in recurrence of cholesteatoma and complications rate in CWU and CWD Tympano-mastoidectomy techniques, but CWUT is superior to CWDT in terms of better graft uptake (p = 0.0156), and better average audiological gain (8.56 ± 0.93 dB) with p value = 0.0315. A diligent post-operative follow-up is must for assessing the outcomes of different types of mastoidectomies. This study shows no statistical difference in the disease recurrence and complication rates between Canal Wall Up and Down Tympano-mastoidectomies, though the anatomical changes and creation of the mastoid cavity in canal wall down procedure may affect the graft uptake and post-operative hearing gain. Use of Oto-endoscopes in cholesteatoma surgery helps in improving the outcomes of both techniques and thus recommended if the facility for the same is available.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Semaan MT, Megerian CA (2006) The pathophysiology of cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 39(6):1143–1159
Schuknecht HF (1993) Pathology of the ear, 2nd edn. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, pp 191–253
Godinho RN, Goncalves TM, Nunes FB, Becker CG et al (2001) Prevalence and impact of chronic otitis media in school age children in Brazil. First epidemiologic study concerning chronic otitis media in Latin America. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 61(3):223–32
Acuin J (2004) Chronic suppurative otitis media - burden of illness and management options. World Health Organization, Geneva
Sengupta A, Anwar T, Ghosh D, Basak B (2010) A study of surgical management of chronic suppurative otitis media with cholesteatoma and its outcomes. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 62(2):171–176
Stankovic M (2007) Follow-up of cholesteatoma surgery: open versus closed tympanoplasty. ORL J Otorhinolaryngol Relat Spec 69(5):299–305
Tos M, Lau T (1988) Attic cholesteatoma: recurrence rate related to observation time. Am J Otol 9:456–464
Kerckhoffs KG, Kommer MB, van Strien TH, Visscher SJ, Bruijnzeel H (2016) The disease recurrence rate after the canal wall up or canal wall down technique in adults. Laryngoscope 126:980
Ulku CH (2017) Endoscopy-assisted ear surgery for treatment of chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma, adhesion, or retraction pockets. J Craniofac Surg 28(4):1017–1020
El-Meselaty K, Badr-El-Dine M, Mandour M, Mourad M, Darweesh R (2003) Endoscope affects decision making in cholesteatoma surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129(5):490–496
Marchioni D, Grammatica A, Genovese E, Guarnaccia MC, Villari D, Presutti L (2015) Endoscopic approaches to middle ear cholesteatoma: classification and indications for surgery. In: Presutti L, Marchioni D (eds) Endoscopic ear surgery: principles, indications, and techniques. Thieme, Stuttgart, pp 132–150
Campbell I (2007) Chi-squared and Fisher-Irwin tests of two-by-two tables with small sample recommendations. Stat Med 26(19):3661–75
Karmarkar S, Bhatia S, Saleh E, De Donato G, Taibah AK, Russo A et al (1995) Cholesteatoma surgery: the individualized technique. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 104:591–595
Karamert R, Eravci FC, Cebeci S, Duzlu M et al (2019) Canal wall down versus canal wall up surgeries in the treatment of middle ear cholesteatoma. Turk J Med Sci 49(5):1426–1432
Paparella M, Morris MS, Da Costa SS (1989) A one stage compromise of the open vs. closed method—the IBMC intact-bridge tympano mastoidectomy procedure. In: Tos M, Thomsen J, Petersen E (eds) Cholesteatoma and mastoid surgery. Kugler and Ghedini, Amsterdam, pp 885–92
Prasad SC, La Melia C, Medina M et al (2014) Long-term surgical and functional outcomes of the intact canal wall technique for middle ear cholesteatoma in the paediatric population. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 34(5):354–361
Feng Yu, Lin Y (2014) Improved intact canal wall radical mastoidectomy with sandwich graft tympanoplasty. Acta Otolaryngol 134(1):73–78
Elicora SS, Erdem D, Dinc AE, Damar M, Biskin S (2017) The effects of surgery type and different ossiculoplasty materials on the hearing results in cholesteatoma surgery. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 274(2):773–780
Shirazi MA, Muzaffar K, Leonetti JP, Marzo S (2006) Surgical treatment of pediatric cholesteatoma. Laryngoscope 116:1603–1607
Hirsch B, Kamerer D, Doshi S (1992) Single-stage management of cholesteatoma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 106:351–354
Sade J (1987) Treatment of cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 8:524–533
Azevedo AF, Soares AB, Garchet HQ, Sousa NJ (2013) Tympanomastoidectomy: comparison between canal wall-down and canal wall-up techniques in surgery for chronic otitis media. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 17(3):242–245
Murphy TP, Wallis DL (1998) Hearing results in pediatric patients after canal- wall-up and canal-wall-down mastoid surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 119(5):439–443
Wetmore RF, Konkle DF, Potsic WP, Handler SD (1987) Cholesteatoma in pediatric patient. Int J Pediatr Otorhi 14:101–112
Kim MB, Choi J, Lee JK, Park JY et al (2010) Hearing outcomes according to the types of mastoidectomy: a comparison between canal wall up and canal wall down mastoidectomy. Clin Exp Otorhinolaryngol 3(4):203–206
Wang Y, Pan T, Lu ZY, Ma FR (2020) The hearing outcomes of modified canal wall down and canal wall up mastoidectomy and tympanoplasty. Chinese J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 55(8):748–753
Wilson KF, Hoggan RN, Shelton C (2013) Tympanoplasty with intact canal wall mastoidectomy for cholesteatoma: long-term surgical outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 149(2):292–5
Harkness P, Brown PM, Fowler SM, Grant HR, Ryan RM, Topham JH (1995) Mastoidectomy audit: results of the royal college of surgeons of England comparative audit of ENT surgery. Clin Otolaryngol 20:89–94
Lucidi D, De Corso E, Paludetti G, Sergi B (2019) Quality of life and functional results in canal wall down vs canal wall up mastoidectomy. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Italica 39:53–60
Quaranta N, Petrone LP, D’Elia A, Quaranta A (2014) Quality of life after cholesteatoma surgery: intact-canal wall tympanoplasty versus canal wall-down tympanoplasty with mastoid obliteration. Ann otol rhinol laryngol 123(2):89–93
Minovi A, Dombrowski T, Shahpasand S, Dazert S (2015) Audiometric results of open cavity tympanomastoidectomy in advanced attic cholesteatoma. ORL 77:180–189
Ezulia T, Goh B, Saim L (2019) Long-term status of middle-ear aeration post canal wall down mastoidectomy. J Laryngol Otol 133(8):662–667
Dornhoffer J (2004) Retrograde mastoidectomy with canal wall reconstruction: a follow-up report. Oto Neurotol 25:653
Pareschi R, Lepera D, Nucci R (2019) Canal wall down approach for tympano-mastoid cholesteatoma: long-term results and prognostic factors. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 39(2):122–129
Samadhiya M, Agarwal H, Vaidya S et al (2020) Outcome of canal wall down mastoidectomy: a retrospective review. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-019-01778-9
Dutta M (2018) Canal wall up versus canal wall down mastoidectomy: considerations for the new-age Otologists. J Int Adv Otol 14(3):506–508
Funding
This study was not funded by any agency.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Place of Study This study was carried out in the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jawaharlal Nehru medical College, A.M.U., Aligarh, from January 2016 to June 2020, with a mean follow-up of 32 months.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Alam, M., Chandra, K. Ears with Cholesteatoma: Outcomes of Canal Wall Up and Down Tympano-Mastoidectomies—A Comparative Prospective Study. Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 74 (Suppl 1), 730–736 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-021-02549-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-021-02549-1