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Preconditioning as a Potential Strategy for the Prevention of Parkinson’s Disease

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Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative movement disorder characterized by the progressive and massive loss of dopaminergic neurons by neuronal apoptosis in the substantia nigra pars compacta and depletion of dopamine in the striatum, which lead to pathological and clinical abnormalities. A numerous of cellular processes including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates are considered to contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. A further understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of PD is crucial for developing effective diagnostic, preventative, and therapeutic strategies to cure this devastating disorder. Preconditioning (PC) is assumed as a natural adaptive process whereby a subthreshold stimulus can promote protection against a subsequent lethal stimulus in the brain as well as in other tissues that affords robust brain tolerance facing neurodegenerative insults. Multiple lines of evidence have demonstrated that preconditioning as a possible neuroprotective technique may reduce the neural deficits associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as PD. Throughout the last few decades, a lot of efforts have been made to discover the molecular determinants involved in preconditioning-induced protective responses; although, the accurate mechanisms underlying this “tolerance” phenomenon are not fully understood in PD. In this review, we will summarize pathophysiology and current therapeutic approaches in PD and discuss about preconditioning in PD as a potential neuroprotective strategy. Also the role of gene reprogramming and mitochondrial biogenesis involved in the preconditioning-mediated neuroprotective events will be highlighted. Preconditioning may represent a promising therapeutic weapon to combat neurodegeneration.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Mojtaba Golpich, Norlinah Mohamed Ibrahim & Azman Ali Raymond

  2. Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Behrouz Rahmani & Abolhassan Ahmadiani

  3. NeuroBiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Leila Dargahi

  4. Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Zahurin Mohamed & Abolhassan Ahmadiani

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  1. Mojtaba Golpich
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Correspondence to Abolhassan Ahmadiani.

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Mojtaba Golpich and Behrouz Rahmani as co-first authors, contributed equally to this work.

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Golpich, M., Rahmani, B., Mohamed Ibrahim, N. et al. Preconditioning as a Potential Strategy for the Prevention of Parkinson’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 51, 313–330 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-014-8689-6

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