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Protective Effects of Sauropus Androgynus Leaf Extract against Isoproterenol Induced Cardiotoxicity

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Abstract

The current research work focuses on the identification of cardioprotective effect of the ethanolic extract of Sauropus androgynus (EESA) leaves. Sauropus androgynus leaves are being utilized in folk and ayurvedic medicines in India to treat cardiovascular diseases like myocardial infraction, atherosclerosis, and venous thrombosis. However, the cardioprotective effects associated with the leaf extract of this plant has not yet been established. Methods: The identification of cardioprotective effects of the ethanolic extract of Sauropus androgynus (EESA) leaves was performed using in vitro and in vivo models. The cell culture studies were performed using cardio myoblast cells (H9C2) and in vivo cardioprotective effects of EESA was assessed in albino wistar rats employing isoproterenol (ISO) as cardiotoxic agent. The animals were divided into six treatment groups and myocardial infraction was induced at 14th day followed by the treatment with therapeutic doses of EESA (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) for next two days. Various biochemical and histopathological parameters were evaluated in animals kept under control and treatment groups. Results: The in vitro cell line studies revealed a positive impact on H9C2 cells. The ethanolic extract of Sauropus androgynus depicted low toxicity on cardiomyoblast cells and significant proliferation was observed after treatment. The results from animal studies have shown 1.7 times reduction in serum LDH (151.9 ± 1.302) and CPK (237.6 ± 5.781) levels with EESA treated groups compared to toxic control. EESA also significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme levels, which are responsible for cardioprotective effects in animals. Conclusion: This research study reveals that EESA possess antioxidant activity and also provides a protective role against myocardial infarction induced by ISO. We conclude that EESA could be a potential candidate to prevent and treat cardiotoxic consequences of high catecholamine levels.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

BCA:

Bicinchoninic acid

CAP:

Catalase peroxidase

CPCSEA:

Committee for the purpose of control and supervision of experiments on animals

CPK:

Creatinine phosphokinase

CVDs:

Cardiovascular diseases

DMEM:

Dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EESA:

Ethanolic extract of sauropus androgynus

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GRD:

Glutathione reductase

GST:

Glutathione S transferase

HEPES:

4-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid

H&E:

Hematoxylin and eosin

ISO:

Isoproterenol

M:

Myocardial infarction

MTT:

3-(4,5-Dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5,-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide

NCCS:

National centre for cell science

LDH:

Lactate dehydrogenase

LPO:

Lipid Peroxidation

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

WHO:

World health organization

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, 570015, Karnataka, India

    Preethi S., Hitesh Kumar & Vikas Jain

  2. Department of Pharmacology, East West College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560091, Karnataka, India

    Ramesh C., Sowmya B. A. & Niveditha K.

  3. Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation, East Zone, Kolkata, 700020, West Bengal, India

    Ramkishan Ajmeer

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  1. Preethi S.
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Contributions

PS—Conception, design of the work, methodology and writing. HK—Design of the work, re-writing, methodology. RC—Re-writing, revision of work. SBS—Methodology and in vivo experiments, and writing. NK—Methodology and in vivo experiments, and writing. RA—Re-writing, revision of work. VJ—Conception, re-writing, revision of work, and approval of final version.

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Correspondence to Vikas Jain.

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Approval for animal experiments was taken from the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee (IAEC), East west College of Pharmacy, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. (Ref.No. EWCP/CPCSEA/IAEC/11/2019/06).

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S., P., Kumar, H., C., R. et al. Protective Effects of Sauropus Androgynus Leaf Extract against Isoproterenol Induced Cardiotoxicity. Cardiovasc Toxicol 22, 579–591 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12012-022-09739-5

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