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Association of Zinc Intake, Tobacco Smoke Exposure, With Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from NHANES 2007–2018

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Abstract

The objective was to explore the effect modification of zinc (Zn) intake levels on the relationship of tobacco smoke exposure and risk of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children and adolescents. We used data from 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (N = 3701). MetS was considered as main endpoint. Weighted multivariable logistic regression models showed that high cotinine level (≥ 0.05 ng/mL) was associated with increased odds of MetS [odds ratio = 1.54, 95% confidence interval: 1.01, 2.36], and the association between Zn intake levels and MetS did not demonstrate statistical significance. Importantly, the multiplicative interaction term between low Zn intake (≤ 4.89 mg/1000 kcal) and high cotinine level was related to higher odds of MetS (p-value for interaction 0.018). For the group with low Zn intake, high cotinine level was associated with increased odds of MetS. However, there was no significant relationship between cotinine levels and MetS risk in the group with high Zn intake. The effect modification by Zn intake on the relationship of tobacco smoke exposure and risk of MetS is significant in individuals who had a sedentary time of ≥ 6 h, identified as non-Hispanic White, or resided in households with smokers. In short, low Zn intake may potentiate the association of tobacco smoke exposure and MetS risk in children and adolescents.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available in the NHANES database, https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/index.htm.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacy, Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center of Xuzhou District Yibin City, No. 158 Changjiang Road, Syzhou District, Yibin, 644600, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China

    Shengxiang Yang

  2. Department of Pharmacy, The First People’s Hospital of Yibin City, Yibin, 644000, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China

    Qian Chen

  3. Department of Pediatrics, Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center of Xuzhou District Yibin City, Yibin, 644600, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China

    Lin Wang

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  1. Shengxiang Yang
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Contributions

SY designed the study and wrote the manuscript. QC and LW collected, analyzed, and interpreted the data. SY critically reviewed, edited, and approved the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shengxiang Yang.

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Ethics Approval

The requirement of ethical approval for this was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center of Xuzhou District Yibin City, because the data was accessed from NHANES (a publicly available database).

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The need for written informed consent was waived by the Institutional Review Board of Maternal and Child Health and Family Planning Service Center of Xuzhou District Yibin City due to retrospective nature of the study.

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The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

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Yang, S., Chen, Q. & Wang, L. Association of Zinc Intake, Tobacco Smoke Exposure, With Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from NHANES 2007–2018. Biol Trace Elem Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-024-04120-9

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