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Exploration of Toxic and Essential Metals in Popular Rice Grains of Bangladesh and Associated Human Health Risk Implications

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Abstract

In order to evaluate the benefits as well as the impacts of essential and toxic metals regarding human health, the six common rice grains (katarivhog, bashful, banglamoti, najirshail, branded miniket and loose miniket) were collected from four wholesale markets in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh, and were analyzed with different atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) techniques. The mean concentrations of the toxic metals Pb, Cd, Cr, and As had 0.299 ± 0.017, 0.157 ± 0.012, 1.33 ± 0.084, and 0.120 ± 0.006 mg/kg, respectively, while those of the essential metals Fe, Cu, Zn, Na, Ca, and Mg had 7.90 ± 0.447, 3.11 ± 0.097, 10.6 ± 0.340, 37.4 ± 0.622, 90.1 ± 7.70, and 115.8 ± 1.61 mg/kg, respectively. Among them, the mean concentrations of toxic metals (Pb, Cd, Cr, and As) exceeded the maximum allowable concentration in rice set by the Codex Alimentarius Commission (CAC). Risk assessment of the heavy metals Pb, Cd, Cr, As, Fe, Cu, and Zn showed that their estimated daily intakes were below the daily reference doses for adults. However, Cd and Cr individually were found to have the target hazard quotient value close to 1 (threshold limit), indicating that they alone are capable of potential health hazards from continuous rice consumption, while the hazard index has surpassed three units signifying greater danger associated with the current trend of consumption. A very high chance of developing cancer in the near future is predicted by incremental lifetime carcinogenic risk (ILCR) analysis for continued intake of Cr (ILCR > 1E-03), and a moderate to high risk is predicted for other carcinogenic substances (Pb, Cd, and As) (ILCR in between 1E-03 and 1E-05) with present rice consumption. The contribution of the essential metals to the RNI revealed that Cu from rice contributes more than 100% in most samples, and the overall contribution is in the following order: Cu > Zn > Fe > Mg > Ca > Na. To ensure the safety of staple foods for human health, it ought to be necessary to design a plan to measure the budget of hazardous metals from all sources with proper surveillance by relevant authorities.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during analysed/during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledges the every support of Analytical Chemistry Laboratory (ISO 17025:2017 certified), Atomic Energy Centre, Dhaka.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Atomic Energy Center Dhaka, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission (BAEC), 4-Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue, Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

    M. Mozammal Hosen, M. Nur E. Alam, S. R. Khan, M. A. Maksud, L. N. Lutfa, A. K. M. Atique Ullah & Shamshad B. Quraishi

  2. Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Home Economics, University of Dhaka (DU), Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

    F. S. Tonni & Rehena Begum

  3. Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder, Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation in Diabetes (BIRDEM), Shahbag, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh

    Quamrun Nahar

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  1. M. Mozammal Hosen
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Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Sample collection and material preparation were performed by F. S. Tonni, M. A. Maksud, and L. N. Lutfa. Data collection and formal analysis were performed by S. R. Khan and M. Mozammal Hosen. The first draft of the manuscript was written by M. Mozammal Hosen and M. Nur E Alam. Supervision, review & editing were performed by A. K. M Atique Ullah, Rehena begum, Quamrun Nahar, Shamshad B Quraishi. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to M. Nur E. Alam.

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Hosen, M.M., Alam, M.N.E., Tonni, F.S. et al. Exploration of Toxic and Essential Metals in Popular Rice Grains of Bangladesh and Associated Human Health Risk Implications. Biol Trace Elem Res (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-023-03962-z

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