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Excessive Lysosomal Stress Response and Consequently Impaired Autophagy Contribute to Fluoride-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity

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Abstract

Fluoride can cause developmental neurotoxicity; however, the precise mechanism has yet to be determined. We aimed to explore the possible role and mechanism of fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity, specifically the significance of the lysosomal stress response. As an in vivo model, Sprague Dawley rats were exposed to sodium fluoride (NaF) from embryo to 2 months of age. We found that NaF caused autophagic flux blockage and apoptosis in the rat hippocampus. These results were validated in human neuroblastoma (SH-SY5Y) cells in vitro. In addition, in SH-SY5Y cells, NaF hindered autophagosome-lysosome fusion, decreased lysosomal degradation, and elevated lysosomal pH, which is the most prominent hallmark of a lysosomal stress response. Interestingly, rapamycin promoted autophagosome-lysosome fusion, effectively restoring autophagic flux and reducing apoptosis. Notably, bafilomycin A1, a lysosomal lumen alkalizer, unsurprisingly exacerbated the NaF-induced increase in lysosomal pH and decreased lysosomal degradability, as well as enhanced apoptosis of SH-SY5Y cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that NaF exposure initiates excessive lysosomal stress response, resulting in elevated lysosomal pH, decreased lysosomal degradation, and blocked autophagic flux, which leads to neuronal apoptosis. Thus, the lysosomal stress response may be a promising target for the prevention and treatment of fluoride-induced developmental neurotoxicity.

Graphical Abstract

Highlights

  • 1. NaF caused autophagic flux blockage and apoptosis in vivo and in vitro

  • 2. NaF hindered autophagosome-lysosome fusion and elevated lysosomal pH

  • 3. NaF caused excessive lysosomal stress response and impaired lysosomal degradation

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Funding

This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 81860559 and Grant No. 82060580), the Program of Science and Technology Innovation in Bingtuan (Grant No. 2021CB046), and the High-Level Talent Research Project of Shihezi University (Grant No. RCZK2018C02).

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  1. Wanjing Xu and Zeyu Hu equally contributed to this research.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, North 2nd Road, Shihezi, Xinjiang, 832000, People’s Republic of China

    Wanjing Xu, Zeyu Hu, Yanling Tang, Jingjing Zhang, Shangzhi Xu & Qiang Niu

  2. Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

    Wanjing Xu, Zeyu Hu, Yanling Tang, Jingjing Zhang, Shangzhi Xu & Qiang Niu

  3. Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Diseases (Ministry of Education), School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China

    Wanjing Xu, Zeyu Hu, Yanling Tang, Jingjing Zhang, Shangzhi Xu & Qiang Niu

  4. NHC Key Laboratory of Prevention and Treatment of Central Asia High Incidence Diseases (First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Shihezi University), Shihezi, China

    Wanjing Xu, Zeyu Hu, Yanling Tang, Jingjing Zhang, Shangzhi Xu & Qiang Niu

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  1. Wanjing Xu
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Contributions

Wanjing Xu and Zeyu Hu: conceptualization; methodology; data curation; writing—original draft preparation. Yanling Tang: visualization, investigation. Jingjing Zhang: supervision. Shangzhi X: software, validation. Qiang Niu: writing—reviewing and editing.

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Xu, W., Hu, Z., Tang, Y. et al. Excessive Lysosomal Stress Response and Consequently Impaired Autophagy Contribute to Fluoride-Induced Developmental Neurotoxicity. Biol Trace Elem Res 201, 4472–4483 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-022-03511-0

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