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Relationship Between Gymnastic Rhythmic Practice and Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Trace Element Status in Young Girls

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Abstract

This study evaluates the influence on body development of doing rhythmic gymnastics in girls from 10 to 17 years of age, the results of certain strength and flexibility abilities, and the trace element status (Ca, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Cr, and Ni). The subjects were divided into three groups: (a) girls who practiced rhythmic gymnastics at a competition level (competition group); (b) girls who practiced this sport at a non-competitive level (training group); and (c) girls who do not practice any sport and with a low level of physical activity (control or sedentary group). Trace element status was determined in hair and urine samples. Results showed that doing rhythmic gymnastics does not alter the normal physical development of muscle mass, and even leads to a decrease in body fat content. Furthermore, better scores in the strength and flexibility test were obtained by the participants of this sports discipline. Statistically significant differences in urine Fe, Cu, and Mn values (p < 0.05) and in hair Cr, Cu, and Mn values (p < 0.05) were found between the two rhythmic gymnastics groups and the control group, and were higher in the competition and training groups. A principal component analysis model was performed to evaluate the possibility of cluster formation among the girls. The PCA results revealed a separation between the different groups although the separation was not perfect. PLS-DA was attempted in order to verify whether it was possible to discriminate between the groups included in this study. It was clear that the competition and control ones were very well classified (around 95% of correct predictions) but 20% of the girls belonging to the training group were misclassified as belonging to the competition one.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

Our thanks go to the Liceo Club of rhythmic gymnastics (Cordoba, Spain), and in a very special way to Francisco Muñoz, who provided samples of the girls who practiced rhythmic gymnastics. Our thanks to the Secondary School “Nuevas Poblaciones” (Cordoba, Spain), and in a very special way to Prof. María Teresa González-León, who provided the samples of the girls of the control group.

Funding

Financial support was provided by Portugal national funds (FCT/MCTES, Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia and Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior) through Grant UIDB/50006/2020. Ricardo Páscoa also received funding from FCT through program DL 57/2016 – Norma transitória.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Rabanales University Campus, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain

    Julián Campos-Pérez & Fernando Cámara-Martos

  2. LAQV/REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal

    Ricardo N. M. J. Páscoa

  3. Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal

    João Almeida Lopes

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Contributions

Julián Campos-Pérez m02capej@uco.es: term, conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, statistical analysis, and writing—original.

Ricardo Pascoa pascoa_r@hotmail.com: statistical analysis and writing—original.

João Pedro Almeida Lopes jlopes@ff.ulisboa.pt: statistical analysis and writing—original.

Fernando Cámara-Martos fernando.camara@uco.es: term, conceptualization, methodology, validation, statistical analysis, writing—original, and supervision.

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Correspondence to Julián Campos-Pérez.

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Campos-Pérez, J., Páscoa, R.N.M.J., Lopes, J.A. et al. Relationship Between Gymnastic Rhythmic Practice and Body Composition, Physical Performance, and Trace Element Status in Young Girls. Biol Trace Elem Res 200, 84–95 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-021-02651-z

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