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Fluoride Alters Serum Elemental (Calcium, Magnesium, Copper, and Zinc) Homeostasis Along with Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Fluorosis Endemic Villages and Restores on Supply of Safe Drinking Water in School-Going Children of Nalgonda District, India

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Abstract

The present study aimed to determine the serum trace elements (copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg)) along with erythrocyte carbonic anhydrase (CA) activity and effect of intervention with safe drinking water for 5 years in the school children of fluorosis endemic area. For this purpose, three categories of villages were selected based on drinking water fluoride (F): Category I (control, F = 1.68 mg/L), category II (affected F = 3.77 mg/L), and category III (intervention village) where initial drinking water F was 4.51 mg/L, and since the last 5 years, they were drinking water containing < 1.0 mg/L F. The results revealed that urinary F was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in category II compared to categories I and III. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in serum Cu and Mg was observed in category II compared to category I. Serum Zn and Ca was significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in categories II and III compared to category I. The erythrocyte CA activity was decreased in the category II compared to category I. However, in the category III, erythrocyte CA activity was comparable to the control group. In conclusion, F exposure altered elemental homeostasis which has restored to some extent on intervention by safe drinking water for 5 years in school-going children.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the encouragement and guidance of the Director in Charge of National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR, India.

Funding

The authors thank the UNICEF for the financial assistance to conduct the study.

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Correspondence to Arjun L. Khandare.

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Written informed consent was obtained from their School Head Master. Data collected in the study was managed to ensure the protection of individual rights and maintain confidentiality. This study was approved by the Institutional Human Ethics Committee, National Institute of Nutrition, (ICMR) Hyderabad, India (IEC No. 15/II/2014).

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Khandare, A.L., Validandi, V. & Boiroju, N. Fluoride Alters Serum Elemental (Calcium, Magnesium, Copper, and Zinc) Homeostasis Along with Erythrocyte Carbonic Anhydrase Activity in Fluorosis Endemic Villages and Restores on Supply of Safe Drinking Water in School-Going Children of Nalgonda District, India. Biol Trace Elem Res 185, 289–294 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1271-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1271-8

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