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Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) Influences the Gene Expression of Metallothioneins in Human Glioblastoma Cells

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Abstract

Arsenic trioxide (As2O3; ATO, TRISENOX®) is used to treat patients with refractory or relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia while its application for treatment of solid cancers like glioblastoma is still under evaluation. In the present study, we investigated the interaction of arsenic trioxide with metallothionein (MT) isoforms as a possible (protective response) resistance of glioblastoma cells to arsenic-induced cytotoxicity. Special attention was focused on MT3, the isoform expressed mainly in the brain. MT3 has low metal inducibility, fast metal binding/releasing properties and outstanding neuronal inhibitory activity. The human astrocytoma (glioblastoma) cell line U87 MG was treated with 0.6, 2 and 6–7 μM arsenic (equivalent to 0.3, 1 and 3–3.5 μM As2O3) for 12, 24 or 48 h and gene expression for different MT isoforms, namely MT2A, MT1A, MT1F, MT1X, MT1E and MT3, was measured by real time qPCR using SYBR Green I and Taqman® gene expression assays. TfR, 18S rRNA, GAPDH and AB were tested as reference genes, and the last two evaluated to be appropriate in conditions of low (GAPDH) and high (AB) arsenic exposure. The gene expression of MT3 gene was additionally tested and confirmed by restriction enzyme analysis with PvuII. In the given conditions the mRNAs of six MT isoforms were identified in human glioblastoma cell line U87 MG. Depending on arsenic exposure conditions, an increase or decrease of MT gene expression was observed for each isoform, with the highest increase for isoforms MT1X, MT1F and MT2A mRNA (up to 13-fold) and more persistent decreases for MT1A, MT1E and MT3 mRNA. Despite the common assumption of the noninducibility of MT3, the evident MT3 mRNA increase was observed during high As exposure (up to 4-fold). In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrate the influence of As on MT isoform gene expression. The MT1X, MT1F and MT2A increase could represent brain tumour acquired resistance to As cytotoxicity while the MT3 increase is more enigmatic, with its possible involvement in arsenic-related induction of type II cell death.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support for this study was received from the Slovene Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology J3-0161 (Arsenic metabolism during treatment of various cancer types), through research programme P1-0143 and through a Ph.D. project of one of the authors (A Zelenik Pevec).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. ‘Jožef Stefan’ Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Ingrid Falnoga, Andreja Zelenik Pevec & Zdenka Šlejkovec

  2. National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Magda Tušek Žnidarič & Irena Zajc

  3. Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia

    Simona Jurković Mlakar & Janja Marc

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  1. Ingrid Falnoga
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  2. Andreja Zelenik Pevec
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  3. Zdenka Šlejkovec
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  4. Magda Tušek Žnidarič
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Correspondence to Ingrid Falnoga.

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Falnoga, I., Zelenik Pevec, A., Šlejkovec, Z. et al. Arsenic Trioxide (ATO) Influences the Gene Expression of Metallothioneins in Human Glioblastoma Cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 149, 331–339 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9431-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-012-9431-8

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