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Destressing Yeast for Higher Biofuel Yields: Can Excess Chaotropicity Be Mitigated?

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Abstract

Biofuels have the capacity to contribute to carbon dioxide emission reduction and to energy security as oil reserves diminish and/or become concentrated in politically unstable regions. However, challenges exist in obtaining the maximum yield from industrial fermentations. One challenge arises from the nature of alcohols. These compounds are chaotropic (i.e. causes disorder in the system) which causes stress in the microbes producing the biofuel. Brewer’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) typically cannot grow at ethanol concentration much above 17% (v/v). Mitigation of these properties has the potential to increase yield. Previously, we have explored the effects of chaotropes on model enzyme systems and attempted (largely unsuccessfully) to offset these effects by kosmotropes (compounds which increase the order of the system, i.e. the “opposite” of chaotropes). Here we present some theoretical results which suggest that high molecular mass polyethylene glycols may be the most effective kosmotropic additives in terms of both efficacy and cost. The assumptions and limitations of these calculations are also presented. A deeper understanding of the effects of chaotropes on biofuel-producing microbes is likely to inform improvements in bioethanol yields and enable more rational approaches to the “neutralisation” of chaotropicity.

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Acknowledgements

DJT acknowledges his long-standing collaboration with Dr John E Hallsworth (Queen’s University, Belfast, UK) who first encouraged him to think about problems of chaotropicity in cellular systems. We thank Dr Samantha Banford for her assistance with the revised version of this paper.

Funding

JE is a recipient of a PhD studentship from the University of Brighton and the Universities Alliance Doctoral Training Alliance.

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  1. School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Huxley Building, Lewes Road, Brighton, BN2 4GJ, UK

    David J. Timson & Joshua Eardley

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Correspondence to David J. Timson.

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This commentary is based in part on a presentation given at The International Conference on Energy and Sustainable Futures (ICESF), Nottingham, UK, in September 2019.

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Timson, D.J., Eardley, J. Destressing Yeast for Higher Biofuel Yields: Can Excess Chaotropicity Be Mitigated?. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 192, 1368–1375 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-020-03406-7

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