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Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep

  • Sleep (M Thorpy and M Billiard, Section Editors)
  • Published:
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Abstract

Purpose of Review

The goal of the present paper is to review current literature supporting the occurrence of fundamental changes in brain energy metabolism during the transition from wakefulness to sleep.

Recent Findings

Latest research in the field indicates that glucose utilization and the concentrations of several brain metabolites consistently change across the sleep-wake cycle. Lactate, a product of glycolysis that is involved in synaptic plasticity, has emerged as a good biomarker of brain state. Sleep-induced changes in cerebral metabolite levels result from a shift in oxidative metabolism, which alters the reliance of brain metabolism upon carbohydrates.

Summary

We found wide support for the notion that brain energetics is state dependent. In particular, fatty acids and ketone bodies partly replace glucose as cerebral energy source during sleep. This mechanism plausibly accounts for increases in biosynthetic pathways and functional alterations in neuronal activity associated with sleep. A better account of brain energy metabolism during sleep might help elucidate the long mysterious restorative effects of sleep for the whole organism.

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Abbreviations

AcAc:

Acetoacetate

AMPK:

AMP-activated protein kinase

β-HB:

β-Hydroxybutyrate

BBB:

Blood–brain barrier

CMRglc:

Metabolic rate of glucose

CMRO2 :

Metabolic rate of oxygen

CPT:

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase

FFA:

Free fatty acid

MCT:

Monocarboxylate transporter

NE:

Norepinephrine

OGI:

Oxygen-glucose index

PPP:

Pentose phosphate pathway

REM:

Rapid eye movement

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

RQ:

Respiratory quotient

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Acknowledgments

We thank Professor Giovanni Coppola and Daniel Nachun, University of California, Los Angeles who performed the bioinformatics analysis of the sleep/wake transcriptome data (referred to as “unpublished observations”). We also thank Nanna Goldman for her help in collecting the sleep/wake samples and performing RNA isolation and initial qPCR verification. Finally, we thank Paul Cumming for comments to the manuscript.

Funding

Nadia Aalling is funded by the Lundbeck Foundation PhD scholarship, R180-2014-4003. As reported by Mauro DiNuzzo, this study is part of a project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 701635. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the Lundbeck Foundation or European Union.

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  1. Center for Translational Neuromedicine, Division of Glial Disease and Therapeutics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Nørre Allé 14, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark

    Nadia Nielsen Aalling, Maiken Nedergaard & Mauro DiNuzzo

  2. Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY, 14640, USA

    Maiken Nedergaard

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  1. Nadia Nielsen Aalling
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Aalling, N.N., Nedergaard, M. & DiNuzzo, M. Cerebral Metabolic Changes During Sleep. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 18, 57 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0868-9

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