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Neuromyelitis Optica: Pathogenesis Overlap with Other Autoimmune Diseases

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an auto-immune disease essentially depicted by optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. Per se, NMO was initially believed to be a sub-type of multiple sclerosis with typical demyelinating cerebral lesions and optic nerve inflammation. More recently, corroborating lignes of evidence have strengthened the concept of the spectrum of diseases associated with NMO and more specifically with the role of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies in the pathogenesis of disease.

Recent Findings

In this article, we review the recent pathogenic findings in NMO and more interestingly the newly discovered role of anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies as key players in triggering cerebral lesions. The concept of spectrum of diseases associated with NMO is also discussed.

Summary

These recent findings have paved in the further understanding of the pathogenesis underlying NMO and new treatments are currently being developed targeting anti-aquaporin-4 antibodies.

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Abbreviations

AChR:

Acetylcholine receptor

ACR:

American College of Rheumatology

ADEM:

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis

AD-NMOSD:

Autoimmune diseases associated NMOSD

AQP4-IgG:

Aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G

BMI:

Body mass index

CD:

Cluder of differentiation

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSF:

Cerebro-spinal fluid

EDSS:

Expanded Disability Status Scale

FDA:

Food and Drug Association

GCs:

Glucocorticoids

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

IL:

Interleukin

IVIG:

Intravenous immunoglobulin

LETM:

Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis

MM:

Mycophenolate mofetil

MOG:

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MOGAD:

MOG antibody disease

MS:

Multiple sclerosis

NMDAR:

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor

NMO:

Neuromyelitis optica

NMOSD:

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder

NP:

Neuropsychiatric

SLE:

Systemic lupus erythematosus

SS:

Sjogren’s syndrome

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  1. Department of Rheumatology, Hopital Universitaire de Bruxelles, HUB, ULB, 808 Route de Lennik, 1070, Brussels, Belgium

    Nadim Taheri, Julie Sarrand & Muhammad S. Soyfoo

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  1. Nadim Taheri
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N.T, J.S and M.S.S wrote the main manuscript and reviewed the manuscript.

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Taheri, N., Sarrand, J. & Soyfoo, M.S. Neuromyelitis Optica: Pathogenesis Overlap with Other Autoimmune Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 23, 647–654 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-023-01112-y

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