Skip to main content
Log in

Reversible audio watermarking algorithm using non-causal prediction

  • Published:
Wuhan University Journal of Natural Sciences

Abstract

Reversible watermarking technique enables to extract embedded information without any loss of the host signal. For the reduction of the embedding distortion, a desirable reversible watermarking approach should exploit efficient prediction way to generate prediction errors with a smaller magnitude for expansion embedding. In this paper, we present a reversible audio watermarking scheme based on a new non-causal prediction method and embedding strategy. The proposed non-causal prediction method provides non-integer prediction errors and the proposed expansion embedding strategy can proceed them for a lower embedding distortion. Experimental results have shown that the proposed reversible technique has a lower embedding distortion for the same embedding payload in comparison with the existing state-of-the-art works.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Celik M U, Sharma G, Tekalp A M, et al. Lossless generalized-LSB data embedding [J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2005, 14(2): 253–266.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Celik M U, Sharma G, Tekalp A M. Lossless watermarking for image authentication: A new framework and an implementation [J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2006, 15(4): 1042–1049.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Thodi D M, Rodriguez J J. Expansion embedding techniques for reversible watermarking [J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2007, 16(3): 721–730.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hu Y, Lee H K, Li J. DE-based reversible data hiding with improved overflow location map [J]. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol, 2009, 19(2): 250–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Li X L, Yang B, Zeng T Y. Efficient reversible watermarking based on adaptive prediction-error expansion and pixel selection [J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2011, 20(12): 3524–3533.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Wang X, Li X L, Yang B, et al. Efficient generalized integer transform for reversible watermarking [J]. IEEE Signal Process Lett, 2010, 17(6): 567–570.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Tian J. Reversible data embedding using a difference expansion [J]. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol, 2003, 13(8): 890–896.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Thodi D M, Rodriguez J J. Prediction-error-based reversible watermarking [C]//Proc IEEE Int Conf Image Processing. Washington D C: IEEE Press, 2004: 1549–1552.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Ni Z, Shi Y Q, Ansari N, et al. Reversible data hiding [J]. IEEE Trans Circus Syst Video Technol, 2006, 16(3): 354–362.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Alattar A M. Reversible watermark using difference expansion of triplets [C]//Proc Int Conf Image Process. Washington D C: IEEE Press, 2003, 1: 501–504.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Alattar A M. Reversible watermark using the difference expansion of a generalized integer transform [J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2004, 13(8): 1147–1156.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Kamstra L H J, Heijmans A M. Reversible data embedding into images using wavelet techniques and sorting [J]. IEEE Trans Image Process, 2005, 14(2): 2082–2090.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Robinson T. SHORTEN: Simple Lossless and Near-Lossless Waveform Compression [R]. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Eng Dept, UK Tech Rep 156, 1994.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hans M, Schafer R W. Lossless compression of audio sig nal [J]. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 2001, 18(4): 21–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Hans M, Schafer R W. AudioPak—An integer arithmetic lossless audio codec [C]//Proc Data Compression Conf. Atlanta: Snowbird, 1998: 550–562.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Balram N, Moura Jose M F. Noncausal prediction image codec [J]. IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, 1996, 5(8): 1229–1242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bradley B, Alattar A M. High-capacity, invertible, datahiding algorithm for digital audio [C]//Proc SPIE Photonics West, Electronic Imaging 2005, Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents VII. San Jose: SPIE Society, 2005, 5681: 789–800.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Alatter A M. Reversible watermarking algorithm using sorting and prediction [J]. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst Video Technol, 2009, 19(7): 989–999.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shijun Xiang.

Additional information

Foundation item: Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61272414), the Science and Technology Project of Guangzhou Province (2012J4100108), and the Jinan University Outstanding Postgraduate Research and Innovation Program, Jinan University Outstanding Undergraduate Scientific Research Innovation Cultivation Project

Biography: HUO Yongjin, male, Master candidate, research direction: information hiding.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Huo, Y., Xiang, S., Liu, S. et al. Reversible audio watermarking algorithm using non-causal prediction. Wuhan Univ. J. Nat. Sci. 18, 455–460 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11859-013-0956-2

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11859-013-0956-2

Key words

CLC number

Navigation