Abstract
The escalated energy demand in conjunction with the global warming and environmental degradation has paved the path of transportation electrification. Electric Vehicles (EVs) need to recharge their batteries after travelling certain distance. Thus, large scale deployment of EVs calls for development of sustainable charging infrastructure. The placement of charging stations is a complex optimization problem involving a number of decision variables, objective functions, and constraints. Placement of charging station mimics a non-convex and non- combinatorial problem involving both transport and distribution network. The complex and non-linear nature of the charging station placement problem has compelled researchers to apply Nature Inspired Optimization (NIO) algorithms for solving the problem. This study aims to review the NIO algorithms applied for solving the charging station placement problem. This work will endow the research community with a systematic review of NIO algorithms for solving charging station placement problem thereby revealing the key features, advantages, and disadvantages of each of these algorithms. Thus, this work will help the researchers in selecting suitable algorithm for solving the charging station placement problem and will serve as a guide for developing efficient algorithms to solve the charging station placement problem.
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Abbreviations
- EV:
-
Electric vehicle
- NIO:
-
Natire inspired optimization
- GA:
-
Genetic algorithm
- DE:
-
Differential evolution
- ES:
-
Evolutionary strategy
- PSO:
-
Particle swarm optimization
- CSO:
-
Chicken swarm optimization
- BSA:
-
Bird swarm algorithm
- ACO:
-
Ant Colony optimization
- EHO:
-
Elephant herding optimization
- FA:
-
Firefly algorithm
- GWA:
-
Grey wolf algorithm
- WOA:
-
Whale optimization algorithm
- CS:
-
Cuckoo search
- FPA:
-
Flower pollination algorithm
- SOS:
-
Symbiotic organisms search
- SA:
-
Simulated annealing
- LSA:
-
Lightning search algorithm
- GSA:
-
Gravitational search algorithm
- RWA:
-
Rain water algorithm
- HS:
-
Harmony search
- TLBO:
-
Teaching learning based optimization
- YYPA:
-
Ying Yang pair algorithm
- SHO:
-
Spotted Hyena optimizer
- NFL:
-
No free lunch theorem
- THD:
-
Total harmonic distortion
- b :
-
Bus number where charging station is to be placed
- N Fb :
-
Number of fast charging station at bus b
- N Sb :
-
Number of slow charging station at bus b
- n fast CS :
-
Maximum number of fast charging stations that can be placed at a particular bus
- n slow CS :
-
Maximum number of fast charging stations that can be placed at a particular bus
- S min :
-
Lower bound of reactive power limit of each bus
- S max :
-
Upper bound of reactive power limit of each bus
- L max :
-
Loading margin of the network
- V base :
-
Base voltage
- n :
-
Total number of buses of the distribution network
- w 1 :
-
Weight assigned to V
- w 2 :
-
Weight assigned to R
- w 21 :
-
Weight assigned to SAIFI
- w 22 :
-
Weight assigned to SAIDI
- w 23 :
-
Weight assigned to CAIDI
- w 3 :
-
Weight assigned to Power loss
- \(VSI_{base}\) :
-
Base value of Voltage Stability Index
- \(SAIFI_{base}\) :
-
Base value of SAIFI
- \(SAIDI_{base}\) :
-
Base value of SAIDI
- \(CAIDI_{base}\) :
-
Base value of CAIDI
- \(P_{loss}^{base}\) :
-
Base value of power loss
- C installation :
-
Installation cost of charging station
- C operation :
-
Operating cost of charging station
- C penalty :
-
Penalty paid by utility
- C travel :
-
Travelling distance cost from point of charging station to point of placement of charging station
- VD :
-
Voltage Deviation
- CIR :
-
Composite Reliability Index
- V i base :
-
Voltage of ith bus for base case
- V i :
-
Voltage of ith bus after placement of charging station
- VD i :
-
Voltage Deviation of ith bus
- L i :
-
Load at ith bus
- P gi :
-
Active power generation of ith bus
- P di :
-
Active power demand of ith bus
- Q gi :
-
Reactive power generation of ith bus
- Q di :
-
Reactive power demand of ith bus
- V j :
-
Voltage of jth bus
- Y ij :
-
Magnitude of (i,j)th term of bus admittance matrix
- \(\theta_{ij}\) :
-
Angle of Yij
- \(\delta_{i}\) :
-
Voltage angle of ith bus
- \(\delta_{j}\) :
-
Voltage angle of jth bus
- VSI l :
-
VSI after after the placement of EV charging stations
- \(P_{loss}^{l}\) :
-
Power loss after the placement of EV charging stations
- SAIFI l :
-
SAIFI after the placement of charging stations in the distribution network
- SAIDI l :
-
SAIDI after the placement of charging stations in the distribution network
- CAIDI l :
-
CAIDI after the placement of charging stations in the distribution network
- pbest :
-
Particle’s best position
- gbest :
-
Swarm’s best position
- PN :
-
Total population
- RN :
-
Set of roosters
- HN :
-
Set of hens
- CN :
-
Population of chicks
- MN :
-
Set of mother hens
- T k :
-
Teacher
- m k :
-
mean value of decision variable
- R t :
-
Random number between 0 and 2
- gen :
-
Maximum generation
- INV :
-
positive constant to introduce the frequency of CSO
- t :
-
Current iteration count
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The fund was provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grand No. 51875113).
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Deb, S., Gao, XZ., Tammi, K. et al. Nature-Inspired Optimization Algorithms Applied for Solving Charging Station Placement Problem: Overview and Comparison. Arch Computat Methods Eng 28, 91–106 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-019-09374-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11831-019-09374-4