Abstract
Benzo[a]pyrene is a carcinogen often present in diesel. For pervaporative removal of benzo[a]pyrene from n-tetradecane, representing a model diesel composition, both conventional as well as statistically designed experimental methods have been carried out. The effect of membrane composition, thickness, the effect of membrane pretreatment time and operating temperature on pervaporative separation have been investigated by response surface methodology, RSM for efficient permeation of target compound. The suitable membrane has been further used to study the effect of different physico-chemical parameters on permeation conventionally. RSM has also been applied to optimize the operational conditions of pervaporation process to maximize the response, i.e., the pervaporation separation index. With the design of experiments, the quadratic response surface models have been developed to link the response with input variables via mathematical relationships. The maximum value of Pervaporation Separation Index obtained is 1.9654 kg m−2 h−1. The optimized process condition’s run time is 10.79 h, the feed PAH concentration is 166.34 ppm with a permeate side pressure of 0.73 mmHg and an operating temperature of 451.25 K.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- A :
-
Area (m2)
- E J :
-
Activation energy (kJ mol−1)
- F :
-
Feed PAH concentration (ppm)
- J 0 :
-
Pre-exponential factor for permeation (kg m−2 h−1)
- J :
-
Permeation flux (kg m−2 h−1)
- l :
-
Membrane thickness (μm)
- m :
-
Membrane composition (wt%)
- P :
-
Downstream pressure (mmHg)
- PSI:
-
Pervaporation Separation Index (kg m−2 h−1)
- Q :
-
Mass of permeate (kg)
- R :
-
Molar gas constant (J mol−1 K−1)
- t :
-
Time (h)
- T :
-
Operating temperature (K)
- β :
-
Enrichment factor
- τ :
-
Membrane pretreatment time (h)
References
Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2016) A review on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: source, environmental impact, effect on human health and remediation. Egypt J Pet 25:107–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2015.03.011
Anupam K, Sikder J, Pal S, Halder G (2015) Optimizing the cross-flow nanofiltration process for chromium (VI) removal from simulated wastewater through response surface methodology. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 34:1332–1340. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12123
Baei MS, Esfandian H, Nesheli AA (2016) Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions in batch systems using activated perlite: an application of response surface methodology. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 11:437–447. https://doi.org/10.1002/apj.1965
Baheri B, Mohammadi T (2017) Sorption, diffusion and pervaporation study of thiophene/n-heptane mixture through self-support PU/PEG blend membrane. Sep Purif Technol 185:112–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.05.026
Birch ME, Cary RA (1996) Elemental carbon-based method for monitoring occupational exposures to particulate diesel exhaust. Aerosol Sci Technol 25:221–241. https://doi.org/10.1080/02786829608965393
Chen M, Wu X, Soyekwo F, Zhang Q, Lv R, Zhu A, Liu Q (2017) Toward improved hydrophilicity of polymers of intrinsic microporosity for pervaporation dehydration of ethylene glycol. Sep Purif Technol 174:166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2016.10.024
Chew S-C, Tan C-P, Nyam K-L (2017) Application of response surface methodology for optimizing the deodorization parameters in chemical refining of kenaf seed oil. Sep Purif Technol 184:144–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2017.04.044
Chowdhury A, Sarkar D, Mitra D (2016) Esterification of free fatty acids derived from waste cooking oil with octanol: process optimization and kinetic modeling. Chem Eng Technol 39:730–740. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201400745
Concawe UK (1998) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in automotive exhaust emission and fuels. https://www.concawe.eu/publication/report-no-9855/. Accessed 5 July 2017
Danmaliki GI, Saleh TA, Shamsuddeen AA (2017) Response surface methodology optimization of adsorptive desulfurization on nickel/activated carbon. Chem Eng J 313:993–1003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2016.10.141
Darvishi A, Aroujalian A, Moraveji MK, Pazuki G (2016) Computational fluid dynamic modeling of a pervaporation process for removal of styrene from petrochemical wastewater. RSC Adv 6:15327–15339. https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA18700A
Dong S, Sartaj M (2016) Statistical analysis and optimization of ammonia removal from landfill leachate by sequential microwave/aeration process using factorial design and response surface methodology. J Environ Chem Eng 4:100–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2015.10.029
Duggal A, Thompson EV (1986) Dependence of diffusive permeation rates and selectivities on upstream and downstream pressures: VI. Experimental results for the water/ethanol system. J Membr Sci 27:13–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(00)81379-4
Garg P, Singh RP, Choudhary V (2011) Pervaporation separation of organic azeotrope using poly(dimethyl siloxane)/clay nanocomposite membranes. Sep Purif Technol 80:435–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2011.05.020
Gluck U, Schuctz R, Gebbers J-O (2003) Cytopathology of the nasal mucosa in chronic exposure to diesel engine emission: a five-year survey of Swiss customs officers. Environ Health Perspect 111:925–929. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.4401
Halder G, Dhawane S, Barai PK, Das A (2015) Optimizing chromium (VI) adsorption onto superheated steam activated granular carbon through response surface methodology and artificial neural network. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 34:638–647. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12028
Haritash AK, Kaushik CP (2009) Biodegradation aspects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): a review. J Hazard Mater 169:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.03.137
Huang S-Y, Fedkiw PS (2016) Pervaporation removal of water from ionic liquid solutions using Nafion membranes. Sep Sci Technol 51:2932–2939. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496395.2016.1236816
IARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans (2010) IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 92, 1. https://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol92/mono92.pdf
Idris A, Kormin F, Noordin MY (2006) Application of response surface methodology in describing the performance of thin film composite membrane. Sep Purif Technol 49:271–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2005.10.010
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), World Health Organization (WHO). Diesel and gasoline engine exhausts and some nitroarenes, vol 105. http://monographs.iarc.fr/ENG/Monographs/vol105/mono105.pdf. Accessed 01.06.2017
Jae J, Tompsett GA, Foster AJ, Hammond KD, Auerbach SM, Lobo RF, Huber GW (2011) Investigation into the shape selectivity of zeolite catalysis for biomass conversion. J Catal 279:257–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcat.2011.01019
Jiang LY, Wang Y, Chung T-S, Qiao XY, Lai J-Y (2009) Polyimides membranes for pervaporation and biofuels separation. Prog Polym Sci 34:1135–1160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2009.06.001
Jiraratananon R, Chanachai A, Huang RYM, Uttapap D (2002) Pervaporation dehydration of ethanol–water mixtures with chitosan/hydroxyethylcellulose (CS/HEC) composite membranes: I. Effect of operating conditions. J Membr Sci 195:143–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0376-7388(01)00563-4
Katarzynski D, Staudt C (2006) Permeation properties of different aromatic substances in multicomponent aromatic/aliphatic pervaporation experiments. Desalination 200:23–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.desal.2006.03.228
Katarzynski D, Pithan F, Staudt C (2008) Pervaporation of multi component aromatic/aliphatic mixtures through copolyimide membranes. Sep Sci Technol 43:59–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/01496390701747911
Kaya AM, Kandemir I, Aksit MF, Yigit KS (2015) Investigation of optimum working conditions of a micro cross flow turbine. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 34:1506–1511. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12112
Klinov AV, Akberov RR, Fazlyev AR, Farakhov MI (2017) Experimental investigation and modeling through using the solution-diffusion concept of pervaporation dehydration of ethanol and isopropanol by ceramic membranes HybSi. J Membr Sci 524:321–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2016.11.057
Mandal S, Bhattacharya TK, Verma AK, Haydary J (2018) Optimization of process parameters for bio-oil synthesis from pine needles (Pinus roxburghii) using response surface methodology. Chem Pap 72:603–616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-017-0306-5
Mitra D (2012) Desulfurization of Gasoline by Pervaporation. Sep Purif Rev 41:97–125. https://doi.org/10.1080/15422119.2011.573044
Mixa A, Staudt C (2008) Membrane-based separation of phenol/water mixtures using ionically and covalently cross-linked ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers. J Chem Eng 12:319. https://doi.org/10.1155/2008/319392
Montgomery DC (2012) Design and analysis of experiments, 8th edn. Wiley, New York. ISBN 10:1118146921
Myers RH, Montgomery DC (2002) Response surface methodology, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York. ISBN 978-1-118-91601-8
Nadarajah N, Hamme JV, Pannu J, Singh A, Ward O (2002) Enhanced transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using a combined Fenton’s reagent, microbial treatment and surfactants. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:540–544. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1073-x
Nourani EA, Mortaheb HR, Ehsani MR (2014) Pervaporative performances of mixed matrix membranes filled with silica/silicate-1 particles for purification of toluene from dilute aqueous solution. J Environ Chem Eng 2:888–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2014.03.005
Palodkar AV, Anupam K, Banerjee S, Halder G (2017) Insight into preparation of activated carbon towards defluoridation of waste water: optimization, kinetics, equilibrium, and cost estimation. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 36:1597–1611. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12613
Pithan F, Staudt-Bickel C, Hess S, Lichtenthaler RN (2002) Polymeric membranes for aromatic/aliphatic separation processes. Chemphyschem 3:856–862. https://doi.org/10.1002/1439-7641(200210183)3:10<856::AID-CPHC856>3.0.CO;2-H
Pulyalina A, Polotskaya G, Goikhman M, Podeshvo I, Chernitsa B, Kocherbitov V, Toikka A (2017) Novel approach to determination of sorption in pervaporation process: a case study of isopropanol dehydration by polyamidoimideurea membranes. Sci Rep 7:8415 (1–12). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-08420-0
Ribeiro CP, Freeman BD, Kalika DS, Kalakkunnath S (2012) Aromatic polyimide and polybenzoxazole membranes for the fractionation of aromatic/aliphatic hydrocarbons by pervaporation. J Membr Sci 391:182–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2011.11.042
Ristimaki J, Vaaraslahti K, Lappi M, Keskinen J (2007) Hydrocarbon condensation in heavy-duty diesel exhaust. Environ Sci Technol 41:6397–6402. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0624319
Roychowdhury S, Mitra D (2017a) Fabrication of aromatic polyimide membrane to study the pervaporative separation of phenanthrene/n-tetradecane mixtures (model diesel) and process optimization using response surface methodology. Chem Eng Commun 204:64–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/0098644.2016.1235563
Roychowdhury S, Mitra D (2017) Separation of phenanthrene/n-tetradecane mixtures (model diesel) via pervaporation using an aromatic polyimide membrane. Polym Eng Sci 57:392–402. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24434
Salehian P, Chung T-S (2017) Thermally treated ammonia functionalized graphene oxide/polyimide membranes for pervaporation dehydration of isopropanol. J Membr Sci 528:231–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.01.038
Shao P, Huang RYM (2007) Polymeric membrane pervaporation. J Membr Sci 287:162–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2006.10.043
Shen H, Tao S, Liu J, Huang Y, Chen H, Li W, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Su S, Lin N, Xu Y, Li B, Wang X, Liu W (2014) Global lung cancer risk from PAH exposure highly depends on emission sources and individual susceptibility. Sci Rep 4(1–8):6561. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06561
Singh AK, Mukhopadhyay M (2016) Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of olive oil in organic solvent medium: optimization using response surface methodology. Korean J Chem Eng 33:1247–1254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-015-0272-y
Sosnowski TR, Kolinski M, Gradon L (2011) Interactions of Benzo[a]pyrene and diesel exhaust particulate matter with the lung surfactant system. Ann Occup Hyg 55:329–338. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mer007
Sridhar S, Veerapur RS, Patil MB, Gudasi KB, Aminabhavi TM (2007) Matrimid polyimide membranes for the separation of carbon dioxide from methane. J Appl Polym Sci 106:1585–1594. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26306
Studing MTH, Staudt C (2013) Sulfur-containing copolyimides for the membrane-based separation of aromatic/aliphatic mixtures. J Appl Polym Sci 127:5065–5074. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.36788
Technical Background on India BS VI Fuel Specifications, ICCT, 2016, https://www.theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/BS%20VI%20Fuel%20Spec%20Working%20Paper%20vF.pdf. Accessed 09 Oct 2017
Teng Y, Luo Y, Sun M, Liu Z, Li Z, Christie P (2010) Effect of bioaugmentation by Paracoccus sp. strain HPD-2 on the soil microbial community and removal of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from an aged contaminated soil. Biores Technol 101:3437–3443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.12.088
Tolosa I, Ogrinc N (2007) Utility of 5 Å molecular sieves to measure carbon isotope ratios in lipid biomarkers. J Chromatogr A 1165:172–181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.046
Wang G, Zhao G, Guan Y (2011) Research on optimum heating system design for rapid thermal response mold with electric heating based on response surface methodology and particle swarm optimization. J Appl Polym Sci 119:902–921. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.32771
Wu L, Yick K, Ng S, Yip J (2012) Application of the Box–Behnken design to the optimization of process parameters in foam cup molding. Expert Syst Appl 39:8059–8065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2012.01.137
Wu XM, Guo H, Soyekwo F, Zhang QG, Lin CX, Liu QL, Zhu AM (2016) Pervaporation Purification of Ethylene Glycol Using the Highly Permeable PIM-1 Membrane. J Chem Eng Data 61:579–586. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jced.5b00731
Xia Y, Han GL, Zhang QG, Gong Y, Broadwell I, Liu QL (2013) CuO-filled aminomethylated polysulfone hybrid membranes for deep desulfurization. J Appl Polym Sci 130:3718–3725. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.39647
Xu YM, Chung T-S (2017) High-performance UiO-66/polyimide mixed matrix membranes for ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol dehydration via pervaporation. J Membr Sci 531:16–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2017.02.041
Xu S, Wang Y (2015) Novel thermally cross-linked polyimide membranes for ethanol dehydration via pervaporation. J Membr Sci 496:142–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.08.055
Yahiaoui I, Aissani-Benissad F, Fourcade F, Amraneb A (2012) Response surface methodology for the optimization of the electrochemical degradation of phenol on Pb/PbO2 electrode. Environ Prog Sustain Energy 31:515–523. https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.10572
Yirsaw BD, Megharaj M, Chen Z, Naidu R (2016) Reduction of hexavalent chromium by green synthesized nano zero valent iron and process optimization using response surface methodology. Environ Technol Innov 5:136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2016.01.005
Zhao J, Wang F, Pan F, Zhang M, Yang X, Li P, Jiang Z, Zhang P, Cao X, Wang B (2013) Enhanced pervaporation dehydration performance of ultrathin hybrid membrane by incorporating bioinspired multifunctional modifier and TiCl4 into chitosan. J Membr Sci 446:395–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2013.06.044
Zhuang Y, Seong JG, Do YS, Lee WH, Lee MJ, Guiver MD, Lee YM (2016) High-strength, soluble polyimide membranes incorporating Troger’s Base for gas separation. J Membr Sci 504:55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2015.12.057
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India (DST FAST TRACK SCHEME FOR YOUNG SCIENTIST, Sanction No: SERB/F/0796/2012-2013 dated 15/05/2012) for providing financial support.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Samanta, M., Roychowdhury, S. & Mitra, D. Separation of benzo[a]pyrene and n-tetradecane mixtures using pervaporation technique and optimization. Chem. Pap. 72, 3141–3157 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0549-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-018-0549-9