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Estimation of Sintering Kinetics of Magnetite Pellet Using Optical Dilatometer

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An Erratum to this article was published on 26 October 2016

Abstract

During induration of magnetite pellets, oxidation of magnetite followed by sintering of the oxidized magnetite (hematite) is desirable. Sintering of magnetite which hampers the oxidation of magnetite is aimed to be kept as low as possible. In succession to our earlier study on sintering behavior of oxidized magnetite (hematite), this paper focusses on the sintering behavior of magnetite phase in isolation with an objective to estimate their kinetic parameters. The pellets prepared from the concentrate of LKAB’s mine, which majorly contains (>95 pct) magnetite, are used for the sintering studies. Optical Dilatometer is used to capture the sintering behavior of the magnetite pellet and determine their isothermal kinetics by deducing the three parameters, namely—activation energy (Q), pre-exponential factor (K′), and time exponent (n) with the help of power law and Arrhenius equation. It is interesting to find that the time exponent (n) is decreasing with the increase in sintering temperature. It is also interesting to note that the activation energy for sintering of magnetite pellet shows no single value. From the present investigation, two activation energies—477 kJ/mole [1173 K to 1373 K (900 °C to 1100 °C)] and 148 kJ/mole [1373 K to 1623 K (1100 °C to 1350 °C)]—were deduced for sintering of magnetite, suggesting two different mechanisms operating at lower and other at higher temperatures. The estimated kinetic parameters were used to predict the non-isothermal sintering behavior of magnetite using the sintering kinetic model. Predicted results were validated using experimental data.

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Abbreviations

δ A,overall :

Overall percentage area change at any instant during induration

δ A,sintering :

Percentage area change due to sintering at any instant during induration

δ A :

Percentage area change at any instant

δ A,true :

Percentage area change when pellet has no pores

α :

Volumetric thermal coefficient of expansion

β :

Area thermal coefficient of expansion

V 0 :

Initial volume of a material

V :

Volume of material at any temperature

V true :

Volume of the pellet if it would have undergone complete sintering with no pores

T 0 :

Initial temperature (t = 0)

T :

Temperature at any instant

γ :

Sintering Ratio of the pellet at any instant in the isothermal section

γ*:

Sintering ratio at the start of the isothermal section

ρ :

Bulk density of the pellet at any instant

ρ true :

True density of the pellet

ρ 0 :

Initial bulk density of pellet

t :

Time for sintering reaction

t*:

Time corresponds if the pellet had attained a sintering ratio of γ * from the start under isothermal condition

t m :

Measured time in isothermal section

n :

Time exponent

\( K_{1}^{\prime } \) :

Pre-exponential factor at high temperatures

\( K_{2}^{\prime } \) :

Pre-exponential factor at low temperatures

Q 1 :

Activation energy at high temperatures

Q 2 :

Activation energy at low temperatures

R :

Universal gas constant

γ t :

Sintering ratio at time t

γ t+∆t :

Sintering ratio at time t + ∆t

Tt :

Temperature at time t

T t+∆t :

Temperature at time t + ∆t

K(T t+∆t ):

Rate constant at t + ∆t

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank the Hjalmar Lundbohm Research Centre (HLRC) for their financial support. We also thank Ola Eriksson, Daniel Marjavaara, Gustaf Magnusson, Magnus Stafstedt, and Anders Dahlin of LKAB for their technical support. We also thank Prof. S. Seetharaman, an Emeritus professor of Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm for valuable discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources (SBN), Lulea University of Technology (LTU), 97187, Lulea, Sweden

    T. K. Sandeep Kumar (Doctorate Student), Neelakantan Nurni Viswanathan (Visiting Professor, Professor), Hesham M. Ahmed (Assistant Professor) & B. Björkman (Emeritus Professor)

  2. Department of Metallurgical Engineering & Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay (IITB), Mumbai, 400076, India

    Neelakantan Nurni Viswanathan (Visiting Professor, Professor)

  3. Central Metallurgical Research & Development Institute (CMRDI), Cairo, Egypt

    Hesham M. Ahmed (Assistant Professor)

  4. Luossavaara-Kiirunavara Aktiebolag (LKAB), Malmberget, 98381, Gällivare, Sweden

    Charlotte Andersson (Specialist/Senior Researcher - Oxidation Metallurgy Research & Development)

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  1. T. K. Sandeep Kumar
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  2. Neelakantan Nurni Viswanathan
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Correspondence to T. K. Sandeep Kumar.

Additional information

Manuscript submitted June 3, 2015

An erratum to this article is available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11663-016-0843-2.

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Sandeep Kumar, T.K., Viswanathan, N.N., Ahmed, H.M. et al. Estimation of Sintering Kinetics of Magnetite Pellet Using Optical Dilatometer. Metall Mater Trans B 47, 309–319 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11663-015-0505-9

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