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Attributable disease burden related to low bone mineral density in Iran from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease 2019

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Abstract

Purpose

Low bone mineral density (BMD) including low bone mass and osteoporosis is a bone state that carries the risk of fractures and the consequent burden. Since Iran has an aging population and is considered a high-risk country regarding fracture, the objective of this study was to report the low BMD attributable burden in Iran from 1990 to 2019 at national and subnational levels.

Materials and methods

In this study, the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study 2019 estimates of exposure value and attributable burden were used. For each risk-outcome pair, following the estimation of relative risk, exposure level, and the Theoretical Minimum Risk Exposure Level (TMREL), the Population Attributable Fractions (PAFs) and attributable burden were computed. The Summary Exposure Value (SEV) index was also computed.

Results

Although the age-standardized DALYs and deaths decreased (− 41.0 [95% uncertainty interval: − 45.7 to − 33.2] and − 43.3 [− 48.9 to − 32.5]), attributable all age numbers in Iran increased from 1990 to 2019 (64.3 [50.6 to 89.1] and 66.8 [49.7 to 102.0]). The male gender had a higher low BMD attributed burden in Iran at national and subnational levels except for Tehran. Among low BMD-associated outcomes, motor vehicle road injuries and falls accounted for most of the low BMD-attributed burden in Iran. The SEV for low BMD remained constant from 1990 to 2019 in the country and females had higher SEVs.

Conclusion

Low BMD and the associated outcomes has to gain attention in Iran’s health system due to an aging population. Hence, timely interventions by health systems and the population at stake might assist in reducing the burden attributed to low BMD.

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Abbreviations

LBMD:

Low Bone Mineral Density

GBD:

Global Burden of Disease

TMREL:

Theoretical Minimum-Risk Exposure Level

PAFs:

Population Attributable Fractions

SEV:

Summary Exposure Value

SDI:

Socio-Demographic Index

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) for data provision. Also, the authors sincerely thank all the collaborators who contributed to this study at the Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center (NCDRC) of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute (EMRI) at Tehran University of Medical Sciences.

Funding

None. This study had no funding support and received no grants.

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Author notes

  1. Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy and Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam contributed equally to this work as co-first authors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Parnian Shobeiri, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Naser Ahmadi, Saba Shahsavan, Zeinab Shirzad Moghaddam, Hanye Sohrabi, Fateme Pourghasem, Reyhaneh Kalantar, Aydin Ghaffari, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi & Negar Rezaei

  2. Sina Trauma and Surgery Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Esmaeil Mohammadi

  3. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Negar Rezaei & Bagher Larijani

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  1. Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bagher Larijani.

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Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the institutional review board of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute at Tehran University of Medical Sciences (IR.TUMS.EMRI.REC.1400.026).

Conflict of interest

Mohammadreza Azangou-Khyavy, Sahar Saeedi Moghaddam, Esmaeil Mohammadi, Parnian Shobeiri, Mohammad-Mahdi Rashidi, Naser Ahmadi, Saba Shahsavan, Zeinab Shirzad Moghaddam, Hanye Sohrabi, Fateme Pourghasem, Reyhaneh Kalantar, Aydin Ghaffari, Seyedeh Melika Hashemi, Negar Rezaei, and Bagher Larijani declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships and declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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11657_2022_1180_MOESM1_ESM.pdf

Supplementary file1 Low BMD attributed burden at subnational level among males, females, and both in 1990 and 2019 with percent change. (PDF 455 KB)

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Azangou-Khyavy, M., Saeedi Moghaddam, S., Mohammadi, E. et al. Attributable disease burden related to low bone mineral density in Iran from 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease 2019. Arch Osteoporos 17, 140 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11657-022-01180-z

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