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Neuroprotective Effect of Chrysophanol as a PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Inhibitor in an Experimental Model of Autologous Blood-induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage

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Abstract

Objective

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) refers to predominant, sporadic, and non-traumatic bleeding in the brain parenchyma. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is an important signal transduction pathway regulated by enzyme-linked receptors and has many biological functions in mammals. It plays a key role in neuronal metabolism, gene expression regulation, and tissue homeostasis in the healthy and diseased brain.

Methods

In the present study, the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor chrysophanol (CPH) (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg, orally) in the improvement of ICH-associated neurological defects in rats was investigated. Autologous blood (20 µL/5 min/unilateral/intracerebroventricular) mimics ICH-like defects involving cellular and molecular dysfunction and neurotransmitter imbalance. The current study also included various behavioral assessments to examine cognition, memory, and motor and neuromuscular coordination. The protein expression levels of PI3K, AKT, and mTOR as well as myelin basic protein and apoptotic markers, such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, were examined using ELISA kits. Furthermore, the levels of various neuroinflammatory cytokines and oxidative stress markers were assessed. Additionally, the neurological severity score, brain water content, gross brain pathology, and hematoma size were used to indicate neurological function and brain edema.

Results

CPH was found to be neuroprotective by restoring neurobehavioral alterations and significantly reducing the elevated PI3K, AKT, and mTOR protein levels, and modulating the apoptotic markers such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 in rat brain homogenate. CPH substantially reduced the inflammatory cytokines like interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. CPH administration restored the neurotransmitters GABA, glutamate, acetylcholine, dopamine, and various oxidative stress markers.

Conclusion

Our results show that CPH may be a promising therapeutic approach for overcoming neuronal damage caused by the overexpression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in ICH-induced neurological dysfunctions in rats.

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Acknowledgments

The authors express their gratitude to Chairman. Mr. Parveen Garg and Director, Dr. G. D. Gupta, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga (Punjab), India, for their great support.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Neuropharmacology Division, Department of Pharmacology, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, 142001, India

    Kuldeep Singh Jadaun, Sidharth Mehan, Aarti Sharma, Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui & Sumit Kumar

  2. Department of Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Health Sciences - AlQunfudah, Umm Al-Qura University, Mekkah, Saudi Arabia

    Naif Alsuhaymi

Authors
  1. Kuldeep Singh Jadaun
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  2. Sidharth Mehan
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  3. Aarti Sharma
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  4. Ehraz Mehmood Siddiqui
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  5. Sumit Kumar
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  6. Naif Alsuhaymi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sidharth Mehan.

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The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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Jadaun, K.S., Mehan, S., Sharma, A. et al. Neuroprotective Effect of Chrysophanol as a PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Inhibitor in an Experimental Model of Autologous Blood-induced Intracerebral Hemorrhage. CURR MED SCI 42, 249–266 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-022-2496-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11596-022-2496-x

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