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The Healthy Young Men’s Cohort: Health, Stress, and Risk Profile of Black and Latino Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM)

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Abstract

Young men who have sex with men (YMSM), especially YMSM of color, are at increased risk for a wide range of threats to their health and well-being. In this study, we recruited and surveyed an urban sample of 448 young African American/Black (Black), Hispanic/Latino (Latino), and multi-racial/ethnic YMSM, ages 16–24 years (mean = 22.3 years), about stressful life events, their health and mental health, their access to and utilization of care, and their involvement in risk-related behaviors. We found that the majority reported experiences of racism (87%) and homophobia (76%). A high percentage reported food insecurity/hunger (36%), residential instability (15%), financial hardship (63%), and conflict with family/friends (62%). The prevalence of risk behaviors was also high, including recent use of tobacco (46%), alcohol (88%), and marijuana (72%), and 41% tested positive for 1+ drugs. Furthermore, 26% tested positive for 1+ sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Over half (56%) reported being worried about their health, 33% reported having a chronic health condition and 31% a mental health condition, and 45% had wanted/needed mental health services during the past year. Further, 17% reported suicidal ideation/had planned a suicide attempt and 26% had ever engaged in self-injurious behaviors. Significant differences by race/ethnicity and HIV status included residential status/food insecurity, type of racism/homophobia, drug use, and STIs. These findings demonstrate how vulnerable this population is with respect to a wide range of structural and social determinants of health that may be important drivers of behavioral, health, mental health outcomes, and potentially long-term health disparities.

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Notes

  1. YMSM is used here to denote behavior as opposed to identity as YMSM is inclusive of young men who have sexual attractions to other men regardless of sexual identity (e.g., gay, bisexual, queer).

  2. Name of IRB is blinded for peer review. The name will be provided upon acceptance of the manuscript.

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Acknowledgments

Support for the original research was provided by a grant from the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health (U01DA036926). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

The authors would like to acknowledge the contributions of the many staff members who contributed to collection, management, analysis, and review of this data: James Aboagye, Alex Aldana, Stacy Alford, Alicia Bolton, PhD, Ali Johnson, Eric Layland, PhDc, Nicole Pereira, Yolo Akili Robinson, Aracely Rodriguez, Maral Shahinian, and Su Wu, MPH. The authors would also like to acknowledge the insightful and practical commentary of the members of the Community Advisory Board - Daniel Nguyen: Asian Pacific AIDS Intervention Team; Ivan Daniels III: Los Angeles Black Pride; Steven Campa: Los Angeles LGBT Center; Davon Crenshaw: AIDS Project Los Angeles; Andre Molette: Essential Access Health; Miguel Martinez, Joaquin Gutierrez, and Jesse Medina: Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles; Greg Wilson: Reach LA; and The LGBTQ Center Long Beach.

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  1. Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, MS#30, Los Angeles, CA, 91030, USA

    Michele D. Kipke, Katrina Kubicek, Ifedayo C. Akinyemi, Wendy Hawkins & Marvin Belzer

  2. Departments of Pediatrics and Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Michele D. Kipke & Marvin Belzer

  3. The Methodology Center, Penn State University, State College, PA, USA

    Sandesh Bhandari & Bethany Bray

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  1. Michele D. Kipke
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Kipke, M.D., Kubicek, K., Akinyemi, I.C. et al. The Healthy Young Men’s Cohort: Health, Stress, and Risk Profile of Black and Latino Young Men Who Have Sex with Men (YMSM). J Urban Health 97, 653–667 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00398-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11524-019-00398-6

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