Abstract
This study explored patterns of addictive behaviours and mental health symptoms among two distinct, non-treatment-seeking samples. A total of 1612 undergraduate students and 607 community-based adults reported on substance use (alcohol, cannabis, vaping), behavioural addictions (gambling, gaming, shopping, eating, sex), mental health symptoms (depression, anxiety, ADHD), and psychosocial variables (impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, childhood adversity, social support). Latent profile analysis was used to classify participants into statistically distinct and homogenous subgroups based on addiction and mental health indicator variables. A three-step procedure was performed to predict latent profile membership based on psychosocial variables. In each sample, parallel three-profile solutions emerged. Profile 1 (the “normative” profile) was the largest and characterized by low problematic substance use, behavioural addictions, and mental distress. Profile 2 (the “behavioural and mental health” profile) was characterized by low problematic substance use, and elevated behavioural addictions and mental distress. Profile 3 (the “substance, behavioural, and mental health” profile) was characterized by elevated problematic substance use, behavioural addictions, and mental distress. Non-normative profiles differed from the normative profile on several psychosocial variables. Results highlight the tendency for problems with addiction and mental health to co-occur, underscoring the need for greater emphasis on assessing and treating concurrent disorders.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data, Materials, and Code
Data and code for analyses reported in this study have been made publicly available on the Open Science Framework and can be accessed at https://osf.io/yh3bu/.
Notes
Though measured using the SSBA, problematic cigarette use was excluded due to low rates of past-year cigarette use in both student and community samples (11% and 16%, respectively).
References
Abroms, M., & Sher, L. (2016). Dual disorders and suicide. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 12(2), 148–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2016.1172898
Adamson, S. J., Kay-Lambkin, F. J., Baker, A. L., Lewin, T. J., Thornton, L., Kelly, B. J., & Sellman, J. D. (2010). An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: The Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 110(1–2), 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2010.02.017
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. (2014). Auxiliary variables in mixture modeling: Three-step approaches using Mplus. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21(3), 329–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2014.915181
Bolck, A., Croon, M., & Hagenaars, J. (2004). Estimating latent structure models with categorical variables: One-step versus three-step estimators. Political Analysis, 12, 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mph001
Boothby, C. A., Kim, H. S., Romanow, N. K., Hodgins, D. C., & McGrath, D. S. (2017). Assessing the role of impulsivity in smoking & non-smoking disordered gamblers. Addictive Behaviors, 70, 35–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2017.02.002
Brache, K., Stockwell, T., & MacDonald, S. (2012). Functions and harms associated with simultaneous polysubstance use involving alcohol and cocaine. Journal of Substance Use, 17(5–6), 399–416. https://doi.org/10.3109/14659891.2011.583313
Buckley, P. F., Miller, B. J., Lehrer, D. S., & Castle, D. J. (2009). Psychiatric comorbidities and schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35(2), 383. https://doi.org/10.1093/SCHBUL/SBN135
Buckley, P. F. (2006). Prevalence and consequences of dual diagnosis 5. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(7).
Bush, K., Kivlahan, D. R., McDonell, M. B., Fihn, S. D., & Bradley, K. A. (1998). The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): An effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Archives of Internal Medicine, 158(16), 1789–1795. https://doi.org/10.1001/ARCHINTE.158.16.1789
Cabanis, M., Outadi, A., & Choi, F. (2021). Early childhood trauma, substance use and complex concurrent disorders among adolescents. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(4), 393–399. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0000000000000718
Carrà, G., Scioli, R., Monti, M. C., & Marinoni, A. (2006). Severity profiles of substance-abusing patients in Italian community addiction facilities: Influence of psychiatric concurrent disorders. European Addiction Research, 12(2), 96–101. https://doi.org/10.1159/000090429
Catchpole, R. E. H., & Brownlie, E. B. (2016). Characteristics of youth presenting to a Canadian youth concurrent disorders program: Clinical complexity, trauma, adaptive functioning and treatment priorities. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 25(2), 106. /pmc/articles/PMC4879950/
Cheetham, A., Allen, N. B., Yücel, M., & Lubman, D. I. (2010). The role of affective dysregulation in drug addiction. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(6), 621–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CPR.2010.04.005
Corace, K., Arès, I., Overington, L., & Kim, H. S. (2021). Substance use and mental health disorders: Psychologists’ role in bridging the gap. Canadian Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/CAP0000299
Crummy, E. A., O’Neal, T. J., Baskin, B. M., & Ferguson, S. M. (2020). One is not enough: Understanding and modeling polysubstance use. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 14, 569. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNINS.2020.00569/BIBTEX
Cyders, M. A., Littlefield, A. K., Coffey, S., & Karyadi, K. A. (2014). Examination of a short English version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Addictive Behaviors, 39(9), 1372–1376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.013
Di Nicola, M., Tedeschi, D., De Risio, L., Pettorruso, M., Martinotti, G., Ruggeri, F., Swierkosz-Lenart, K., Guglielmo, R., Callea, A., Ruggeri, G., Pozzi, G., Di Giannantonio, M., & Janiri, L. (2015). Co-occurrence of alcohol use disorder and behavioral addictions: Relevance of impulsivity and craving. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 148, 118–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2014.12.028
Estévez, A., Jáuregui, P., Sánchez-Marcos, I., López-González, H., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017). Attachment and emotion regulation in substance addictions and behavioral addictions. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(4), 534–544. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.086
Farré, J. M., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Aragay, N., Mallorquí-Bague, N., Ferrer, V., More, A., Bouman, W. P., Arcelus, J., Savvidou, L. G., Penelo, E., Aymamí, M. N., Gómez-Peña, M., Gunnard, K., Romaguera, A., Menchón, J. M., Vallès, V., & Jiménez-Murcia, S. (2015). Sex addiction and gambling disorder: Similarities and differences. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 56, 59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPPSYCH.2014.10.002
Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., Williamson, D. F., Spitz, A. M., Edwards, V., Koss, M. P., & Marks, J. S. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-3797(98)00017-8
Ferris, J., & Wynne, H. (2001). The Canadian Problem Gambling Index.
Ford, M., & Hakansson, A. (2020). Problem gambling, associations with comorbid health conditions, substance use, and behavioural addictions: Opportunities for pathways to treatment. PLoS One, 15(1), e0227644. https://doi.org/10.1371/JOURNAL.PONE.0227644
Gomez, R., Stavropoulos, V., Brown, T., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022). Factor structure of ten psychoactive substance addictions and behavioural addictions. Psychiatry Research, 313, 114605. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHRES.2022.114605
Gomez, R., Stavropoulos, V., Brown, T., & Watson, S. (2022b). Factor structure of the symptoms of alcohol use, gaming, and gambling addictions. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-022-00795-0/TABLES/3
González-Bueso, V., Santamaría, J. J., Fernández, D., Merino, L., Montero, E., & Ribas, J. (2018). Association between internet gaming disorder or pathological video-game use and comorbid psychopathology: A comprehensive review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 668. https://doi.org/10.3390/IJERPH15040668
Gooding, N. B., Williams, J. N., & Williams, R. J. (2022). Addiction chronicity: Are all addictions the same? Addiction Research and Theory. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2022.2035370
Grajewski, P., & Dragan, M. (2020). Adverse childhood experiences, dissociation, and anxious attachment style as risk factors of gaming disorder. Addictive Behaviors Reports, 11, 100269. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ABREP.2020.100269
Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233–241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884
Grant, J. E., Schreiber, L. R. N., & Odlaug, B. L. (2013). Phenomenology and treatment of behavioural addictions. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry. Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 58(5), 252–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674371305800502
Grella, C. E., Hser, Y. I., Joshi, V., & Rounds-Bryant, J. (2001). Drug treatment outcomes for adolescents with comorbid mental and substance use disorders. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 189(6), 384–392. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-200106000-00006
Griffiths, M. (2005). A ‘components’ model of addiction within a biopsychosocial framework. Journal of Substance Use, 10(August), 191–197. http://www.academia.edu/429550/Griffiths_M.D._2005_._A_components_model_of_addiction_within_a_biopsychosocial_framework._Journal_of_Substance_Use_10_191-197
Håkansson, A., Karlsson, A., & Widinghoff, C. (2018). Primary and secondary diagnoses of gambling disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in the Swedish health care system-A nationwide register study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(SEP), 426. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2018.00426/BIBTEX
Hodgins, D. C., von Ranson, K. M., & Montpetit, C. R. (2016). Problem drinking, gambling and eating among undergraduate university students. What are the links? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14(2), 181–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-015-9598-2
Hodgins, D. C., Wilson, K. E., & Schluter, M. G. (2022). Validation and performance of the Brief Screener for Substance and Behavioural Addiction (SSBA) amongst university students. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 2022, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-021-00748-Z
Howard, M. C., & Hoffman, M. E. (2018). Variable-centered, person-centered, and person-specific approaches: Where theory meets the method. Organizational Research Methods, 21(4), 846–876. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428117744021
Hughes, K., Bellis, M. A., Hardcastle, K. A., Sethi, D., Butchart, A., Mikton, C., Jones, L., & Dunne, M. P. (2017). The effect of multiple adverse childhood experiences on health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet. Public Health, 2(8), e356–e366. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(17)30118-4
Huțul, T. D., & Karner-Huțuleac, A. (2022). The level of gambling prediction using depression and anxiety in the Romanian population. Journal of Gambling Studies, 38(2), 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10899-021-10051-0/TABLES/1
Kamata, A., Kara, Y., Patarapichayatham, C., & Lan, P. (2018). Evaluation of analysis approaches for latent class analysis with auxiliary linear growth model. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(FEB), 130. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYG.2018.00130/FULL
Karaca, S., Saleh, A., Canan, F., & Potenza, M. N. (2016). Comorbidity between behavioral addictions and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A systematic review. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 15(3), 701–724. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-016-9660-8
Karapareddy, V. (2019). A review of integrated care for concurrent disorders: Cost effectiveness and clinical outcomes. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 15(1), 56–66. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2018.1518553
Kardefelt-Winther, D., Heeren, A., Schimmenti, A., van Rooij, A., Maurage, P., Carras, M., Edman, J., Blaszczynski, A., Khazaal, Y., & Billieux, J. (2017). How can we conceptualize behavioural addiction without pathologizing common behaviours? Addiction (abingdon, England), 112(10), 1709–1715. https://doi.org/10.1111/ADD.13763
Keen, C., Kinner, S. A., Young, J. T., Jang, K., Gan, W., Samji, H., Zhao, B., Krausz, M., & Slaunwhite, A. (2022). Prevalence of co-occurring mental illness and substance use disorder and association with overdose: A linked data cohort study among residents of British Columbia, Canada. Addiction (abingdon, England), 117(1), 129–140. https://doi.org/10.1111/ADD.15580
Kelly, T. M., & Daley, D. C. (2013). Integrated treatment of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Social Work in Public Health, 28, 388. https://doi.org/10.1080/19371918.2013.774673
Khan, S. (2017). Health Reports Concurrent mental and substance use disorders in Canada. Health Reports, 28(8), 3–8. www.statcan.gc.ca
Kim, H. S., & Hodgins, D. C. (2018). Component model of addiction treatment: A pragmatic transdiagnostic treatment model of behavioral and substance addictions. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9(AUG), 406. https://doi.org/10.3389/FPSYT.2018.00406
Kim, M., Vermunt, J., Bakk, Z., Jaki, T., & Van Horn, M. L. (2016). Modeling predictors of latent classes in regression mixture models. Structural Equation Modeling : A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(4), 601. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1158655
Lane, W., Sacco, P., Downton, K., Ludeman, E., Levy, L., & Tracy, J. K. (2016). Child maltreatment and problem gambling: A systematic review. Child Abuse and Neglect, 58, 24–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2016.06.003
Lee, R. S. C., Hoppenbrouwers, S., & Franken, I. (2019). A systematic meta-review of impulsivity and compulsivity in addictive behaviors. Neuropsychology Review, 29(1), 14–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11065-019-09402-X/TABLES/3
Liese, B. S., Kim, H. S., & Hodgins, D. C. (2020). Insecure attachment and addiction: Testing the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in four potentially addictive behaviors. Addictive Behaviors, 107. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2020.106432
Lim, M. S. M., Cheung, F. Y. L., Kho, J. M., & Tang, C. S. K. (2019). Childhood adversity and behavioural addictions: The mediating role of emotion dysregulation and depression in an adult community sample. https://doi.org/10.1080/16066359.2019.1594203
Linden-Carmichael, A. N., Stamates, A. L., & Lau-Barraco, C. (2019). Simultaneous use of alcohol and marijuana: Patterns and individual differences. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1638407, 54(13), 2156–2166. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826084.2019.1638407
Lo, Y., Mendell, N. R., & Rubin, D. B. (2001). Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika, 88(3), 767–778. https://doi.org/10.1093/BIOMET/88.3.767
Lovibond, S. H., & Lovibond, P. F. (1995). Manual for the Depression Anxiety & Stress Scales. (2nd ed.). Psychology Foundation.
Marmet, S., Studer, J., Wicki, M., Bertholet, N., Khazaal, Y., & Gmel, G. (2019). Unique versus shared associations between self-reported behavioral addictions and substance use disorders and mental health problems: A commonality analysis in a large sample of young Swiss men. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(4), 664. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.70
McCutcheon, A. L. (2002). Basic concepts and procedures in single- and multiple-group latent class analysis. In A. L. McCutcheon (Ed.), Applied latent class analysis (pp. 56–86). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511499531.003
Mchugh, R. K., & Weiss, R. D. (2019). Alcohol use disorder and depressive disorders. Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 40(1), e1–e8. https://doi.org/10.35946/arcr.v40.1.01
McKee, S. A. (2017). Concurrent substance use disorders and mental illness: Bridging the gap between research and treatment. Canadian Psychology, 58(1), 50–57. https://doi.org/10.1037/CAP0000093
Morin, A. J. S., Meyer, J. P., Creusier, J., & Bié, F. (2016). Multiple-group analysis of similarity in latent profile solutions. Organizational Research Methods, 19(2), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428115621148
Morojele, N. K., Saban, A., & Seedat, S. (2012). Clinical presentations and diagnostic issues in dual diagnosis disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(3), 181–186. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0B013E328351A429
Murthy, P., & Chand, P. (2012). Treatment of dual diagnosis disorders. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(3), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0B013E328351A3E0
Muthén, L. K., & Muthén, B. O. (1998–2017). Statistical analysis with latent variables user’s guide. Retrieved April 30, 2022, from www.StatModel.com
Muthén, B. O., & Muthén, L. K. (2021). Mplus (8.8).
Nylund, K. L., Asparouhov, T., & Muthén, B. O. (2007). Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: A Monte Carlo simulation study. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(4), 535–569. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396
Oh, H., Jang, S. K., Lee, H. S., Lee, E. B., & Choi, K. H. (2021). Personality traits in individuals with the dual diagnosis of psychosis and substance use disorders: A comprehensive review and meta-analysis 17(1), 34–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2020.1839827
Petry, N. M., & Weiss, L. (2009). Social support is associated with gambling treatment outcomes in pathological gamblers. American Journal on Addictions, 18(5), 402–408. https://doi.org/10.3109/10550490903077861
Piccinni, A., Bucchi, R., Fini, C., Vanelli, F., Mauri, M., Stallone, T., Cavallo, E. D., & Claudio, C. (2021). Food addiction and psychiatric comorbidities: A review of current evidence. Eating and Weight Disorders, 26(4), 1049–1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40519-020-01021-3/FIGURES/1
Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2017). Anxiety among adults with a history of childhood adversity: Psychological resilience moderates the indirect effect of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 217, 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JAD.2017.03.047
Poole, J. C., Dobson, K. S., & Pusch, D. (2018). Do adverse childhood experiences predict adult interpersonal difficulties? The role of emotion dysregulation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 80, 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHIABU.2018.03.006
Quigley, L., Yakovenko, I., Hodgins, D. C., Dobson, K. S., El-Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Currie, S. R., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., & Schopflocher, D. P. (2014). Comorbid problem gambling and major depression in a community sample. Journal of Gambling Studies, 31(4), 1135–1152. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10899-014-9488-8/TABLES/2
R Core Team. (2013). R: The R Project for Statistical Computing. https://www.r-project.org/
Randall, C. L., Thomas, S., & Thevos, A. K. (2001). Concurrent alcoholism and social anxiety disorder: A first step toward developing effective treatments. Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research, 25(2), 210–220. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1530-0277.2001.TB02201.X
Regier, D. A., Farmer, M. E., Rae, D. S., Locke, B. Z., Keith, S. J., Judd, L. L., & Goodwin, F. K. (1990). Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse: Results From the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) study. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 264(19), 2511–2518. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.1990.03450190043026
Reyes, M. E., Rossi, J. S., Thomas, E. D., Goldstein, S. C., & Weiss, N. H. (2022). Posttraumatic stress disorder and substance misuse among Black emerging adults: The influence of social support. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 18(1), 42–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2021.2017221
Rodriguez-Monguio, R., Errea, M., & Volberg, R. (2017). Comorbid pathological gambling, mental health, and substance use disorders: Health-care services provision by clinician specialty. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 406–415. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.054
Rogers, C. J., Pakdaman, S., Forster, M., Sussman, S., Grigsby, T. J., Victoria, J., & Unger, J. B. (2022). Effects of multiple adverse childhood experiences on substance use in young adults: A review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 234, 109407. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2022.109407
Rømer Thomsen, K., Buhl Callesen, M., Hesse, M., Lehmann Kvamme, T., Mulbjerg Pedersen, M., Uffe Pedersen, M., & Voon, V. (2018). Impulsivity traits and addiction-related behaviors in youth. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 7(2), 317–330. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.22
Ross, S., & Peselow, E. (2012). Co-occurring psychotic and addictive disorders: Neurobiology and diagnosis. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 35(5), 235–243. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0B013E318261E193
RStudio Team. (2020). Open source & professional software for data science teams - RStudio.
Rush, B., Urbanoski, K., Bassani, D., Castel, S., Wild, T. C., Strike, C., Kimberley, D., & Somers, J. (2008). Prevalence of co-occurring substance use and other mental disorders in the Canadian population. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry Revue Canadienne de Psychiatrie, 53(12), 800–809. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370805301206
Schimmenti, A., Billieux, J., Santoro, G., Casale, S., & Starcevic, V. (2022). A trauma model of substance use: Elaboration and preliminary validation. Addictive Behaviors, 107431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ADDBEH.2022.107431
Schluter, M. G., Hodgins, D. C., Wolfe, J., & Wild, T. C. (2018). Can one simple questionnaire assess substance-related and behavioural addiction problems? Results of a proposed new screener for community epidemiology. Addiction (abingdon, England), 113(8), 1528–1537. https://doi.org/10.1111/ADD.14166
Schluter, M. G., Hodgins, D. C., Thege, B. K., & Wild, T. C. (2020). Predictive utility of the brief Screener for Substance and Behavioral Addictions for identifying self-attributed problems. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 9(3), 709–722. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2020.00064
Shaffer, H. J., LaPlante, D. A., LaBrie, R. A., Kidman, R. C., Donato, A. N., & Stanton, M. V. (2004). Toward a syndrome model of addiction: Multiple expressions, common etiology. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 12(6), 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220490905705
Sheppes, G., Suri, G., & Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation and psychopathology. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 11, 379–405. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-CLINPSY-032814-112739
Skinner, W. J. W., O’grady, C. P., Bartha, C., & Parker, C. (2004). Concurrent substance use and mental health disorders An information guide. http://store.camh.net
Smith, G. T., & Cyders, M. A. (2016). Integrating affect and impulsivity: The role of positive and negative urgency in substance use risk. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 163, S3–S12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.DRUGALCDEP.2015.08.038
Tackett, J. L., Krieger, H., Neighbors, C., Rinker, D., Rodriguez, L., & Edward, G. (2017). Comorbidity of alcohol and gambling problems in emerging adults: A bifactor model conceptualization. Journal of Gambling Studies, 33(1), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10899-016-9618-6/FIGURES/3
Tang, K. T. Y., Hodgins, D. C., & Schluter, M. G. (2022). Attachment, emotion dysregulation, and video game play: Testing the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in gaming disorder. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11469-022-00913-Y/FIGURES/2
Thege, B. K., Hodgins, D. C., & Wild, T. C. (2016). Co-occurring substance-related and behavioral addiction problems: A person-centered, lay epidemiology approach. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 614. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.079
Tormohlen, K. N., Mojtabai, R., Seiwell, A., McGinty, E. E., Stuart, E. A., Tobin, K. E., & Troiani, V. (2021). Co-occurring opioid use and depressive disorders: Patient characteristics and co-occurring health conditions. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 17(4), 296–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/15504263.2021.1979349
Um, M., Whitt, Z. T., Revilla, R., Hunton, T., & Cyders, M. A. (2019). Shared neural correlates underlying addictive disorders and negative urgency. Brain Sciences, 9(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/BRAINSCI9020036
Urbanoski, K. A., Rush, B. R., Wild, T. C., Bassani, D. G., & Castel, S. (2007). Use of mental health care services by Canadians with co-occurring substance dependence and mental disorders. Psychiatric Services, 58(7), 962–969. https://doi.org/10.1176/PS.2007.58.7.962
Urbanoski, K. A., Cairney, J., Bassani, D. G., & Rush, B. R. (2008). Perceived unmet need for mental health care for Canadians with co-occurring mental and substance use disorders. Psychiatric Services, 59(3), 283–289. https://doi.org/10.1176/PS.2008.59.3.283
Ustun, B., Adler, L. A., Rudin, C., Faraone, S. V., Spencer, T. J., Berglund, P., Gruber, M. J., & Kessler, R. C. (2017). The World Health Organization Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Self-Report Screening Scale for DSM-5. JAMA Psychiatry, 74(5), 520. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.0298
Vermunt, J. K. (2010). Latent class modeling with covariates: Two improved three-step approaches. Political Analysis, 18(4), 450–469. https://doi.org/10.1093/PAN/MPQ025
Victor, S. E., & Klonsky, E. D. (2016). Validation of a brief version of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS-18) in five samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-016-9547-9
Wang, J., & Wang, X. (2012). Mixture modeling. In D. J. Balding (Ed.), Structural equation modeling: Applications using Mplus (pp. 289–390). Wiley.
Weller, B. E., Bowen, N. K., & Faubert, S. J. (2020). Latent class analysis: A guide to best practice. Journal of Black Psychology, 46(4), 287–311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0095798420930932
Wéry, A., Vogelaere, K., Challet-Bouju, G., Poudat, F. X., Caillon, J., Lever, D., Billieux, J., & Grall-Bronnec, M. (2016). Characteristics of self-identified sexual addicts in a behavioral addiction outpatient clinic. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 623–630. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.071
Wilson, N., & Cadet, J. L. (2009). Comorbid mood, psychosis, and marijuana abuse disorders: A theoretical review. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 28(4), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/10550880903182960
Wong, U., & Hodgins, D. C. (2014). Development of the game addiction inventory for adults (GAIA). Addiction Research and Theory, 22(3), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.3109/16066359.2013.824565
World Health Organization. (2019). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th ed.). https://icd.who.int/. Accessed 1 June 2022
Zarse, E. M., Neff, M. R., Yoder, R., Hulvershorn, L., Chambers, J. E., & Chambers, R. A. (2019). The adverse childhood experiences questionnaire: Two decades of research on childhood trauma as a primary cause of adult mental illness, addiction, and medical diseases. Http://www.Editorialmanager.Com/Cogentmed, 6(1), 1581447. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331205X.2019.1581447
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327752JPA5201_2
Funding
Funding for this study was provided by a Toronto Metropolitan University Faculty of Arts research grant. The Toronto Metropolitan University Faculty of Arts had no role in the study design; collection, analysis, or interpretation of the data; writing the manuscript; or the decision to submit the paper for publication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SGC: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, writing—original draft; MTK: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing, supervision; DCH: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing; NWS: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing; PKP: data collection, writing—review and editing; HSK: conceptualization, methodology, writing—review and editing, supervision, funding acquisition.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics Approval
Approval was obtained from the research ethics boards of Toronto Metropolitan University, the University of Calgary, the University of Manitoba, Mount Saint Vincent University, and York University. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
Informed Consent
All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. Informed consent was obtained from all patients for being included in the study.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Coelho, S.G., Keough, M.T., Hodgins, D.C. et al. Latent Profile Analyses of Addiction and Mental Health Problems in Two Large Samples. Int J Ment Health Addiction (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-01003-9
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-01003-9