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Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender

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Abstract

There is general agreement in previous research, drawing on the Theory of Planned Behaviour, that attitudes towards entrepreneurship are determining factors on entrepreneurial intention and gender also seems to play a key role. This study supports the core entrepreneurial intention model and focuses on the role of gender in this process, showing that men are more likely to think about creating a firm than being determined to do it. However, of those men, the ones who perceive higher congruence between masculine and entrepreneurial attributes are more likely to have a firm entrepreneurial intention. Also, both men and women with a firm entrepreneurial intention perceive successful entrepreneurs to have feminine attributes. This, together with the characteristics of the sample, may explain the lack of a gender difference in entrepreneurial intention.

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Notes

  1. Made up with codes of behaviour, attitudes, values, norms of conduct and conventions (North 1990).

  2. Based on stereotypical beliefs about what women are like and the inconsistency of these conceptions with what is thought to be necessary to succeed in a corporate position of responsibility.

  3. According to theory, external variables will exert their influence only through attitudes, but do not affect intentions or behaviour independently (Krueger and Brazeal 1994).

  4. Since recent studies show that perceptual variables play a crucial role in explaining differences across genders with respect to entrepreneurial behaviour (Koellinger et al. 2005; Minniti and Nardone 2007; Langowitz and Minniti 2007).

  5. Due to the cost cutting and restructuring processes by large companies and to the work values usually connected with self-employment such as independence, challenge and self-realization.

  6. Krueger et al. (2000: 424) compared the relative explanatory capacity of these two models and concluded that “both models offer researchers valuable tools to understand the process of organizational emergence”. Their study demonstrated that these two models were interrelated when employed within entrepreneurship research.

  7. Although somewhat wider, Armitage and Conner (2001) concluded that self-efficacy is more clearly defined and more strongly correlated with intention and behaviour.

  8. She argued that the factors which most influenced the successful creation of a firm by a woman were having surpassed the cultural conditionings and having had certain learning experiences.

  9. Although if we split the data: only 5.5% are determined to create their own firm, 15.1% have thought seriously about it and 58.2% have thought vaguely about this option. These figures are comparable with those obtained by Veciana et al. (2005) for the Catalonian sample (4.1%, 12.1% and 51%).

  10. Business Administration and Economics, where a higher percentage of students consider creating a new firm desirable compared with students of other degrees (Guerrero et al. 2008).

  11. A larger percentage of male students (9.8%), in comparison with their female classmates (3.4%), reported that they have not decided in which time in the future they will consider creating their own firm.

  12. There is only one significant difference, since women perceive less gentleness in the traits of a successful entrepreneur than their male counterparts (t = −2.026; sig. = 0.045).

  13. However, they also observed that women perceive a greater congruence between feminine and entrepreneurial characteristics.

  14. Although Rodriguez and Santos (2008), within a very small sample of nascent entrepreneurs, found that female nascent entrepreneurs receive less social approval from their close environment.

  15. The factorial analysis on the scale of locus of control results in three factors: internal control, external control in the short term and external control in the long term.

  16. In a binary logistic regression, performed in a previous version of this study, it was found that those individuals with high self-efficacy in risk assumption -which might be related with perceiving a less hostile environment—have a higher likelihood of entrepreneurial intention.

  17. This finding has been evidenced in several studies (Hollenbeck and Hall 2004; Cooper and Lucas 2007).

  18. Recent studies advocate this approach (Brush et al. 1995; Hazlett et al. 2006; Fuller-Love et al. 2006; Wilson et al. 2007).

  19. Since inspiration has been found to be one of the most influential benefits of entrepreneurship programmes (Souitaris et al. 2007).

  20. For a description of this programme see Deakins et al. (2005).

  21. These actions are also highlighted as necessary in previous research (Lee et al. 2006; Zampetakis and Moustakis 2006).

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Acknowledgment

The authors wish to thank Professor Sara Carter of the University of Strathclyde for her very helpful comments that contributed to the development of this paper.

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  1. Business Administration, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, University of Castilla–La Mancha, Plaza de la Universidad 1, 02071, Albacete, Spain

    Maria Cristina Díaz-García & Juan Jiménez-Moreno

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  1. Maria Cristina Díaz-García
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  2. Juan Jiménez-Moreno
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Correspondence to Maria Cristina Díaz-García.

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Díaz-García, M.C., Jiménez-Moreno, J. Entrepreneurial intention: the role of gender. Int Entrep Manag J 6, 261–283 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-008-0103-2

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