Abstract
Population growth and environmental degradation are major concerns for sustainable development worldwide. Hydrogen is a clean and eco-friendly alternative to fossil fuels, with a heating value almost three times higher than other fossil fuels. It also has a clean production process, which helps to reduce the emission of hazardous pollutants and save the environment. Among the various production methodologies described in this review, biochemical production of hydrogen is considered more suitable as it uses waste organic matter instead of fossil fuels. This technology not only produces clean energy but also helps to manage waste more efficiently. However, the production of hydrogen obtained from this method is currently more expensive due to its early stage of development. Nevertheless, various research projects are underway to develop this method on a commercial scale.
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Data Availability
Not applicable.
Change history
09 May 2024
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33628-9
Abbreviations
- AC:
-
Alternate current
- AEL:
-
Alkaline water electrolysis
- AEM:
-
Alkaline anion exchange membrane
- AUD:
-
Australian dollar
- BHEL:
-
Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited
- BHU:
-
Banaras Hindu University
- CCS:
-
Carbon capture and storage
- CI:
-
Compression ignition
- CNG:
-
Compressed natural gas
- DC:
-
Direct current
- DOE:
-
Department of Energy
- EBG:
-
Electronic band gap
- FCEV:
-
Fuel cell electric vehicles
- FMEA:
-
Failure mode and effect analysis
- FTA:
-
Fault tree analysis
- GHG:
-
Greenhouse gas
- GIFT:
-
green initiative for future transport
- GIP:
-
Green initiative for power generation
- HAZOP:
-
Hazard operability analysis
- HCNG:
-
Hydrogen compressed natural gas
- HTSE:
-
High-temperature steam electrolysis
- ICI:
-
Imperial chemical industries
- IEA:
-
International Energy Agency
- IPHE:
-
International Partnership for Hydrogen and Fuel Cell in the Economy
- LOCH:
-
Liquid organic hydrogen carrier
- L & T:
-
Larsen and Toubro
- NFPA:
-
National Fire Protection Association
- NISE:
-
National Institute of Solar Energy
- NTPC:
-
National Thermal Power Corporation
- PBG:
-
Photonic band gap
- PEC:
-
Photo-electrochemical cell
- PEM:
-
Proton exchange membrane
- PV:
-
Photo voltaic
- RIL:
-
Reliance Industries Limited
- SCWG:
-
Supercritical water gasification
- SMR:
-
Steam methane reformation
- SOE:
-
Solid oxide water electrolysis
- TRL:
-
Technology readiness level
- USD:
-
US dollar
- °C:
-
Degree Celsius
- K:
-
Kelvin
- %:
-
Percentage
- H2:
-
Hydrogen
- CO:
-
Carbon monoxide
- CO2:
-
Carbon dioxide
- O3:
-
Ozone
- SO2:
-
Sulfur dioxide
- NO:
-
Nitrogen oxides
- $:
-
Dollar
- H2O:
-
Water
- H2S:
-
Hydrogen sulfide
- CH4:
-
Methane
- MJ:
-
Megajoule
- kg:
-
Kilogram
- L:
-
Liter
- MPa:
-
Megapascal
- Mt:
-
Metric tonnes
- Ni:
-
Nickel
- Zn:
-
Zinc
- Nb:
-
Niobium
- Ti:
-
Titanium
- Pc:
-
Critical pressure
- Tc:
-
Critical temperature
- OH−:
-
Hydroxide ions
- H3O+:
-
Hydronium ions
- kPa:
-
Kilopascal
- ZrO2:
-
Zirconium dioxide
- KOH:
-
Potassium hydroxide
- H+:
-
Hydrogen ion
- OH−:
-
Hydroxide ion
- kW:
-
Kilowatt
- UV:
-
Ultraviolet
- TiO2:
-
Titanium dioxide
- Au:
-
Gold
- Al:
-
Aluminum
- Mg:
-
Magnesium
- LiBH4:
-
Lithium borohydride
- NaBH4:
-
Sodium borohydride
- kJ:
-
Kilojoule
- MgH2:
-
Magnesium hydride
- Ca:
-
Calcium
- CaH2:
-
Calcium hydride
- Mg(OH)2:
-
Magnesium hydroxide
- CoCl2:
-
Cobalt(II) chloride
- NOx:
-
Nitrogen oxide
- SOx:
-
Sulfur oxide
- ppm:
-
Parts per million
- NH3:
-
Ammonia
- Na:
-
Sodium
- Li:
-
Lithium
- B:
-
Boron
- N:
-
Nitrogen
- TTBNc:
-
Tetra-tert-butyl-2,3-naphthalocyanine
- nm:
-
Nanometer
- mol:
-
Mole
- Re:
-
Rhenium
- Co:
-
Cobalt
- m3:
-
Cubic meter
- kWh:
-
Kilowatt hour
- Cu:
-
Copper
- Cl:
-
Chlorine
- S:
-
Sulfur
- I:
-
Iodine
- GW:
-
Gigawatt
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Jain, R., Panwar, N., Chitranjan Agarwal et al. A comprehensive review on unleashing the power of hydrogen: revolutionizing energy systems for a sustainable future. Environ Sci Pollut Res (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33541-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33541-1