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Exploring Bacillus mycoides PM35 efficacy in enhancing rice (Oryza sativa L.) response to different types of microplastics through gene regulation and cellular fractionation

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Abstract

Soil contamination with microplastics (MPs) is a persistent threat to crop production worldwide. With a wide range of MP types, including polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethylene (PE), contaminating our environment, it is important to understand their impact on agricultural productivity. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of different types of MPs (PS, PVC and PE) on various aspects of plant growth. Specifically, we examined growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments, gas exchange attributes, oxidative stress responses, antioxidant compound activity (both enzymatic and non-enzymatic), gene expression, proline metabolism, the AsA-GSH cycle and cellular fractionation and nutritional status, in different parts of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings, which were also exposed to plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), i.e. Bacillus mycoides PM35, i.e. 20 μL. The research outcomes indicated that the different types of MPs in the soil notably reduced plant growth and biomass, photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange attributes. However, MP stress also induced oxidative stress in the roots and shoots of the plants by increasing malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and electrolyte leakage (EL) which also induced increased compounds of various enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and also the gene expression. Furthermore, a significant increase in proline metabolism, the AsA-GSH cycle, and the fractionations of cellular components was observed. Although the application of B. mycoides PM35 showed a significant increase in plant growth and biomass, gas exchange characteristics, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compounds and their gene expression and also decreased oxidative stress. In addition, the application of B. mycoides PM35 enhanced cellular fractionation and decreased the proline metabolism and AsA-GSH cycle in O. sativa plants. These results open new insights for sustainable agriculture practices and hold immense promise in addressing the pressing challenges of MP contamination in agricultural soils.

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Funding

The Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University Saudi Arabia funded this work through Large Groups Project under grant number RGP2/132/45. Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number (PNURSP2024R155), Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia also funded this work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, 11671, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Dalal Nasser Binjawhar

  2. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, 21493, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

    Rana M. Alshegaihi

  3. Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 71491, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia

    Aishah Alatawi & Muneefah Abdullah Alenezi

  4. Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan

    Abida Parveen

  5. College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, 2120 Fyffe Rd, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA

    Muhammad Adnan

  6. Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan

    Baber Ali

  7. Applied College, Center of Bee Research and Its Products, Unit of Bee Research and Honey Production, and Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia

    Khalid Ali Khan

  8. Department of Agronomy, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, 23200, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

    Shah Fahad

  9. Department of Biotechnology, College of Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, 21944, Taif, Saudi Arabia

    Eman Fayad

  10. Department of Agriculture, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan

    Muhammad Adnan

Authors
  1. Dalal Nasser Binjawhar
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  2. Rana M. Alshegaihi
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  3. Aishah Alatawi
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  4. Muneefah Abdullah Alenezi
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  5. Abida Parveen
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  6. Muhammad Adnan
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  7. Baber Ali
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  8. Khalid Ali Khan
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  9. Shah Fahad
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  10. Eman Fayad
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Contributions

Dalal Nasser Binjawhar: conducted the experiments and data analysis and contributed to the manuscript writing. Rana M. Alshegaihi: assisted in the experimental design and data interpretation and co-wrote the manuscript. Aishah Alatawi: provided critical resources and contributed to the experimental methodology. Muneefah Abdullah Alenezi: participated in the data collection and analysis. Abida Parveen: contributed to the literature review and manuscript editing. Muhammad Adnan: assisted in the data analysis and contributed to the discussions on the results’ interpretation. Baber Ali: participated in the experimental setup and data collection. Khalid Ali Khan: contributed to the study’s conceptual framework and revised the manuscript critically for important intellectual content. Eman Fayad: involved in the data visualization, statistical analysis and contributed to the manuscript writing. Shah Fahad: oversaw the project as the principal investigator, led the research design and coordination and finalized the manuscript for submission. All the authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Shah Fahad.

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Binjawhar, D.N., Alshegaihi, R.M., Alatawi, A. et al. Exploring Bacillus mycoides PM35 efficacy in enhancing rice (Oryza sativa L.) response to different types of microplastics through gene regulation and cellular fractionation. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 31395–31413 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33229-6

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