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Tracing the land use specific impacts on groundwater quality: a chemometric, information entropy WQI and health risk assessment study

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Abstract

Understanding the nexus of land use and water quality can potentially underline the influences within the groundwater management. The study envisages land use–specific qualitative assessment of the groundwater resources in Ghaziabad district, in western Uttar Pradesh, India. For encountering the relative impacts of land use on the groundwater quality, chemometric analysis has been employed to apportion the pollution sources. The integration of quality parameters, in the information entropy index modeling, has segregated the quality classes and visualized the seasonal suitability trends as per potability standards along with non-carcinogenic health hazard risk assessment (HHRA). The qualitative assessment of the groundwater resources, along with spatial distribution, has deciphered a polluting impact, specifically in western and south western parts of district, and observed the linkages with direct and indirect discharges/seepages from densely populated residential and industrial land use types localized in urbanized areas. Statistically significant annual and seasonal variations have been found exclusively for EC, Mg2+, F−, Cd, Cr(total), Ni, and Pb which inferred variable concentrations, whereas land use types showed a non-significant variation within groundwater quality. Chemometric-based source apportioning and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) have derived salinization and enrichment of dissolved salts, arising from mixed sources and contributes to metal pollution, i.e., mainly from anthropogenic sources. Information EWQI derived poor to extremely poor category represented degraded potability specifically for fewer sites located within western and southern parts on the Yamuna-Hindon flood plains for limited sites of residential, industrial, and agricultural in an urbanized region. However, majority of the samples fall under excellent to good groundwater quality, recommendable in the north and north-eastern (peri-urban) regions. Non-carcinogenic HHRA has shown that majority of the samples categorized under unsafe value for hazard index (HI > 1), for females and children and thus, presumed probable health hazard risk from metal groundwater pollution in south-western part, eastern, and northern regions.

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Acknowledgements

The first author wish to acknowledge the University Grant Commission, India, for awarding the Senior Research Fellowship (UGC-SRF) for the doctoral research. The authors would also like to thank the Director (Research & Development Cell), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, for providing financial assistance in the form of the Faculty Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) to carry out the research study. Also, the authors express gratitude to the Dean, University School of Environment Management, GGSIP University, Dwarka, New Delhi, for providing the research infrastructure in the form of laboratory facilities.

Funding

The research financial assistance was provided by Director (Research and Consultancy), Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, in the form of Faculty Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) to carry out the research study and University Grants Commission under Senior Research Fellowship (SRF).

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  1. University School of Environment Management, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16-C, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110078, India

    Shipra Tyagi & Kiranmay Sarma

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  1. Shipra Tyagi
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  2. Kiranmay Sarma
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Contributions

Shipra Tyagi: conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, data curation, and writing—original draft, review, and editing. Kiranmay Sarma: supervision, conceptualization, investigation, formal analysis, visualization, review and editing, and validations.

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Correspondence to Shipra Tyagi.

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Highlights

• Qualitative assessment inferred influences from residential and industrial land use.

• Chemometric analysis directed illicit discharges and metal pollution.

• Information entropy WQI directed toward extremely poor potability within urban locales.

• Peri-urban regions encountered excellent to good category of potability.

• Health hazard risks stated unsafe category for females and children.

Supplementary Information

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Tyagi, S., Sarma, K. Tracing the land use specific impacts on groundwater quality: a chemometric, information entropy WQI and health risk assessment study. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 30519–30542 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-33038-x

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