Abstract
Every structure might be exposed to fire at some point in its lifecycle. The ability of geopolymer composites to withstand the effects of fire damage early before it is put out is of great importance. This study examined the effects of fire on geopolymer composite samples made with high-calcium fly ash and alkaline solution synthesised from waste banana peduncle and silica fume. A ratio of 0.30, 0.35, and 0.4 was used in the study for the alkaline solution to fly ash. Also used were ratios of 0.5, 0.75, and 1 for silica oxide (silica fume) to potassium hydroxide ratio. The strength loss, residual compressive strength, percentage strength loss, relative residual compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and microstructural properties of the thirteen mortar mixes were measured after exposure to temperatures of 200, 400, 600, and 800 °C for 1 h, respectively. The results reveal that geopolymer samples exposed to elevated temperatures showed great dimensional stability with no visible surface cracks. There was a colour transition from dark grey to whitish brown for the green geopolymer mortar and brown to whitish brown for the control sample. As the temperature rose, weight loss became more pronounced, with 800 °C producing the most significant weight reduction. The optimum mixes had a residual compressive strength of 25.02 MPa after being exposed to 200 °C, 18.72 MPa after being exposed to 400 °C, 14.04 MPa after being exposed to 600 °C, and 7.41 MPa after being exposed to 800 °C. The control had a residual compressive strength of 8.45 MPa after being exposed to 200 °C, 6.67 MPa after being exposed to 400 °C, 3.16 MPa after being exposed to 600 °C, and 2.23 MPa after being exposed to 800 °C. The relative residual compressive strength decreases for green geopolymer mortar are most significant at 600 and 800 °C, with an average decrease of 0.47 and 0.30, respectively. The microstructure of the samples revealed various phase changes and new product formations as the temperature increased.
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This work was supported and funded by the Ministry of Higher Education under a fundamental research grant scheme (grant no. FRGS/1/2021/TK01/UTM/02/1 and RJI 30000.7851.5F4261).
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Wyom Paul Zakka: conceptualisation, data collection, analysis, and writing; Nor Hasanah Abdul Shukor Lim: supervision, analysis, writing, and editing; Ma Chau Khun: supervision, data collection, and editing; Mostafa Samadi: data collection and editing; Oluwatobi Aluko: analysis and editing; Christiana Odubela: data collection and analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Zakka, W.P., Lim, N.H.A.S., Khun, M.C. et al. Short-term residual characteristics of ambient-cured green geopolymer mortar exposed to elevated temperatures. Environ Sci Pollut Res 31, 25129–25146 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32786-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-32786-0